국제 보건교육자를 위한 프로젝트 기반 교수개발: 실용 전략(Med Teach, 2012)

Project-based faculty development by international health professions educators: Practical strategies

STEWART MENNIN1, SUMMERS KALISHMAN1, MARY ANN EKLUND1, STACEY FRIEDMAN2, PAGE S. MORAHAN2 & WILLIAM BURDICK2

1University of New Mexico School of Medicine, USA, 2Foundation for the Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) Institute, USA




도입

Introduction


이러한 변화로 인해 직원 개발이라고도하는 교수 개발은 다양한 분야의 교사들의 요구에 더욱 민감 해지고 있습니다. 그렇게하면서, 교수개발은 개인 교육 기술을 습득하는 것을 넘어서 광범위한 지역 사회, 기관 및 사회 요구를 충족시킬 수 있는 유능한 실무자의 발전으로 확대되었습니다

Because of these changes, faculty development, also referred to as staff development, is becoming more responsive to the felt needs of teachers in various areas (Steinert et al. 2006). In so doing, it has expanded beyond the acquisition of individual instructional skills to the development of capable practitioners who can meet the broad spectrum of community, institutional and societal needs


또한, 교수 개발 문헌의 대부분은 개별 교사에 초점을 맞추고 있지만, 최근에는 교수개발이 사회적 및 문화적 과정으로 강조되고 있습니다.

In addition, while most of the faculty development literature has focused on the individual teacher(Stritter 1983; Bland & Schmitz 1986; Hitchcock et al. 1993;Wilkerson & Irby 1998; Steinert et al. 2006), more recentlythere has been increased emphasis of faculty development as asocial and cultural process (Engestrom et al. 1999; Arrow et al.2000; Wenger et al. 2002; Davis et al. 2008; Engestrom 2008;Gergen 2009; Daniels et al. 2010; Bleakley et al. 2011;O’Sullivan & Irby 2011).


Fellowship 커리큘럼은 펠로우가 고국에서 보건 전문 교육의 변화를 소개하고 기존 사례를 개선하기 위해 고안 한 프로젝트를 중심으로합니다. FAIMER 연구소의 목표는 "보건 전문가들 간 국제 공동체를 창설한다. 이들은 ''변화 요원 ''및 ''교육 학자 / 연구자 ''로서 신뢰할 수있는 기관 지도자가 되어야 하며, 보건 전문가 교육을 발전시키는 프로젝트 및 학술 활동에 협력 할 수있는 사람이 되어야 하며, 궁극적으로 각 국가 및 지역의 의료 개선에 기여합니다."

The Fellowship curriculum centers around projects designed by Fellows to introduce change and improve existing practices in health professions education at their home institutions (Gusic et al. 2010). The goal of the FAIMER Institute is to create an international community of practice among health professions faculty who are credible institutional leaders as ‘‘change agents’’ and‘‘educational scholars/researchers’’ who can collaborate on projects and scholarly endeavors that advance health professions education and ultimately contribute to the improvement of healthcare in their respective countries and regions(www.faimer.org; Wenger et al. 2002; Burdick et al. 2006;Mouradian & Huebner 2007).




Methods


This study involved longitudinal qualitative analysis with triangulation of multiple data sources (interviews, document reviews) collected over the course of the first 16–18 months of the Fellowship. The data collection and analysis reported here was completed by an external program evaluation team (SM,SK, and ME) with extensive experience in medical school curriculum evaluation, based at the University of New Mexico Office of Program Evaluation, Education, and Research(PEAR). One of the PEAR team members (SM) was also a faculty member for the FAIMER Institute. This team worked in collaboration with the FAIMER Education division staff and faculty for the FAIMER Institute (including SF, PM, and WB) to co-design and facilitate the use of findings as part of the Institute program evaluation, in line with collaborative approaches to evaluation (Cousins & Whitmore 1998;Fetterman et al. 2010). 



Transcripts of interviews with and written reports from 54 mid-career health professions faculty members (30 men and 24 women) from 18 countries who participated in the two-year FAIMER Institute program between 2001 and 2006 formed the basis of the data in this study. Most Fellows had MD or MBBS degrees; some had PhDs in basic sciences. Each Fellow submitted six written project reports, including: 

  • (1) a project description in the initial Fellowship application, 

  • (2) four project progress reports at intervals of 3, 5, 11 and either a written or telephone report between 16 and 18 months after the initiation of the Fellowship, 

  • (3) a project poster, and 

  • (4) an abstract at the end of one year of the Fellowship. 

Project reports included the purpose, objectives, methodology and strategies, information about any changes, challenges and facilitators, and results and outcomes. 


In addition, Fellows were individually interviewed at the end of one year of the Fellowship via a one-hour semi-structured interview conducted face to face in Philadelphia by two individuals (SK, ME) from the PEAR external evaluation team. Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed. Interview questions addressed participants’ views about critical incidents and reflections upon the FAIMER Institute, with the semi-structured format allowing for probing for deeper understanding. 


Typical questions included: 

  • Please describe successes and challenges you have experienced in implementing and sustaining your project; 

  • Please describe strategies you have implemented and are planning to address the continuation of your project; and 

  • Please describe activities that have helped sustain or maintain this project; 

  • In every project, there are unexpected and unanticipated events that affect what occurs. Please describe any unexpected or unanticipated events that have influenced your project.


Altogether, 324 reports and transcripts from 54 Fellows comprised the data for the qualitative analysis of project-based faculty development in this report. These data were analyzed by the PEAR team of external evaluators (SM, SK, and ME), using chronological analysis of the unfolding of each project to highlight key issues as described by Patton (2002) and iterative reading to identify points of change and departure from the original project proposal, unexpected successes or setbacks, and confounding events and circumstances. 

  • An initial series of reading and analysis focused on identifying skills and challenges that had an impact on project success. 

  • A subsequent series of reading and analysis by the same team for frequency distilled these skills and challenges into the three themes focused on project progress over time. 

  • A final review of these data, coupled with the experience and observations of the program faculty resulted in the 12 strategies recommended for successful implementation of faculty development projects. All quotes shared in the results were rendered anonymous in regard to gender, discipline, and country.



결과

Results


교수개발 프로젝트에서 배운 기술과 도전 과제

Skills learned and challenges encountered in faculty development projects


프로젝트에서 사용 된 주요 기술.

Major skills used in the projects, analyzed across Fellows and over time.


대부분의 휄로우가 프로젝트에서 유용하다고 생각한 세 가지 주요 기술 영역은 교육 방법, 리더십 및 관리, 관계 (협업, 네트워킹 및 멘토링)에 중점을 둡니다. 자신의 개인 능력 개발 이외에도 교수개발은 모든 프로젝트의 일부였으며 시간이 지남에 따라 프로젝트가 성숙되면서 더 자주 언급되었습니다.

The three predominant skill domains viewed useful in projects by the majority of Fellows were focused on educational methods, leadership and management, and relationships (collaboration, networking, and mentoring). In addition to their own personal skill development, faculty development was a part of all projects, and was mentioned more frequently as projects matured over time.



(1 번 테이블).


프로젝트에서 자주 접하게되는 문제.

Challenges frequently encountered in the projects, analyzed across Fellows and over time.


휄로우들은 프로젝트에 참여한 동료들과 마찬가지로 본국 기관에서도 많은 상충하는 책임을 맡았습니다.

그들은 또한 갑작스러운 전환에 있어 필연적으로 어려움을 겪었는데, 펠로우십 환경에서는 우정, 서포트, 전문 지식, 직접 대면 멘토링을 통해 현장 펠로우쉽 환경에 집중할 수 있었으나, 소속 기관의 환경에서는 상충하는 work demands와 상대적 고립감을 느꼈다. 또한 펠로우들은 일반적으로 좋은 도서관 접근성 부족에 대한 좌절감을 표했습니다.

(Table 2). Fellows had many competing responsibilities at their home institutions as did their colleagues with whom they were working on projects.They also encountered difficulty in making the inevitably abrupt transition from immersion in the on-site Fellowship environment with camaraderie, support, access to expertise and face-to-face mentoring to the environment of their home institutions with competing work demands and relative isolation. Fellows commonly noted their frustration at the lack of good library access. 





교육 프로젝트를 성공적으로 수행하기위한 주요 주제

Major themes for success in implementing education projects


리더십과 조직 기술.

Leadership and organizational skills.


펠로우는 "사람들을 관리하는 법"을 배우는 것이 그들의 프로젝트를 실행하는 데 결정적이었다고보고했다. 펠로우가 설명한 상황, 리더십은 주로 적응적adaptive이며, 사람들이 직면하는 격차와 도전을 해소하는 데 필요한 일을 배우도록 돕는 것이 필요합니다 (Heifetz 1994). 서포트, 사용 가능한 리소스, 팀워크와 같은 FAIMER에서 배운 기술은 프로젝트의 설계 및 구현에 핵심 요소임을 인식했습니다. 또한 문서 작성, 평가 및 다른 사람들의 평가에 대한 중요성에 대해 의견을 나눴습니다. 모든 펠로우들은 로직 모델, Gantt 차트 및 프로젝트 계획 프로세스와 같은 테크니컬한 조직화 스킬의 중요성에 대해 언급했습니다.

Fellows reported that learning to ‘‘manage people’’ was crucial to implementing their projects. Leadership in the situations described by the Fellows is primarily adaptive and requires helping people to learn to do the work necessary to bridge the gaps and challenges they are facing (Heifetz 1994). They recognized that the support, the available resources, and the skills learned at the Institute, including teamwork, were vital to the design and implementation of their projects. In addition, they commented on the importance of documentation, evaluation, and appreciating others. All Fellows mentioned the importance of technical organizing skills such as the Logic Model, Gantt Charts, and project planning processes.


휄로우는 제한된 자원과 관련된 문제를 관리하기 위해 프로젝트 규모를 변경할 필요성을 인식했습니다. 모든 휄로우들은 자신의 프로젝트가 초기에 실제로 구현 된 것보다 더 큰 규모로 초기에 잉태되었으며, 초기 경험에 근거하여 시간이 지남에 따라보다 현실적이고 관리 가능한 수준으로 축소되었음을 지적했습니다.

Fellows recognized the need to alter the scale of their projects to manage challenges related to limited resources. All Fellows indicated that their projects were conceived initially on a grander scale than was actually implemented and based on initial experiences and over time were scaled down to a more realistic and manageable level.


기술과 도전의 교차점을 강조하면서, Fellows는 변화에 대한 기관적 적응의 문제를 해결하기 위한 목적으로 교육 방법 적용의 유용성에 주목했다. 구체적으로 파일럿 테스트와 'found pilot'(펠로우의 프로젝트와 연결될 수 있는 혁신을 이미 이루고 있는 다른 교수들)를 사용하면 기관 차원에서 프로젝트를 수용하는 데 도움이되었습니다 (Hirshhorn & May 2000).

Highlighting the intersection of skills and challenges, Fellows noted the utility of applying educational methods to address challenges of institutional adaptation to change. Specifically, pilot testing and use of ‘‘found pilots’’ (other teachers already doing something innovative and different that could be linked with the Fellow’s project) helped to increase the institutional acceptance of projects (Hirshhorn & May 2000).



협력

Collaboration.


협력이란 상당한 차이와 경계를 넘어서 함께 작업하는 것을 의미합니다. 또한 협력은 "transformative"를 향해 공통점을 교환하는 것이며 (Olson & Eoyang 2001), 사회에 봉사하기 위해 건강 시스템에서 함께 일하게 될 미래의 보건 전문가를위한 교육의 관련성과 품질을 향상시키는 공유 된 비전을 갖는 것이다. 여러 class의 펠로우들은 협력의 중요성에 대한 인식을 밝혔다. 펠로우들은 FAIMER에서의 경험과 FAIMER 교수진의 지원이 협력 능력을 향상 시켰다고보고했습니다. 한 펠로우는 "다른 나라의 교육자들과의 협력은 지식을 넓히고 풍성하게했다"고 말했다.

Collaboration refers to working together across boundaries, across significant differences and with exchanges similarities towards transformative (Olson & Eoyang 2001) with a shared vision to improve the relevance and quality of education for future health professionals who will work together in their health systems to serve society. Recognition of the importance of collaboration was a recurrent theme identified by Fellows across the classes. Fellows across cohorts reported that their experience at the Institute and the support of FAIMER faculty enhanced their ability to collaborate. One Fellow said, ‘‘The important collaborations with educators from other countries ...broadened and enriched [my] knowledge.’’


개인적, 직업적 성장.

Personal professional growth.


개인적 직업적 성장, 특히 HPE 분야에서 경력을 쌓을 능력이 생겼다는 자신감을 얻었다.

personal professional growth, especially in self-confidence and ability to pursue a career in health professions education.


그들은 FAIMER에서의 경험이 전문직으로서의 삶 뿐만 아니라, 한 개인으로서의 자신의 삶도 바꾸었다고 생각했습니다. 한 연구원은 "FAIMER는 [내] 전문직뿐만 아니라 내 개인적인 삶에서도 긍정적 인 변화의 도구가 될 수있는 지식, 도구, 네트워크 및 개인적인 기회를 제공했습니다."

They perceived their personal lives to be changed by their Institute experience, as well as their professional lives. One Fellow stated that ‘‘FAIMER gave [me] the knowledge, tools, network and personal opportunities to be a positive change agent, not only in [my] professional [life], but also in [my] personal life.’’


사회적 맥락에 대한 인식.

Awareness of societal context.


프로젝트가 성공하기 위해서는 리더십, 조직, 협력 및 개인 성장이라는 여러 가지로 짜여진 차원을 필연적으로 필요로했으며, 관련성은 사회 및 지역적 문화와 분리 할 수 ​​없었습니다. 펠로우들은 사회적 맥락에 대한 인식 향상 뿐만 아니라, FAIMER 경험을 각자의 국가 별 상황에 적용하는 것에 대해 언급하였다. 한 연구원은 자신의 나라에 대한 심층적 지식이 그 지역에서 어떻게 해야 프로젝트가 효과적일지를 정확한 진단하도록 도왔으며, 이제 그녀는 자신의 국가 현실의 여러 영역에 지식을 적용 할 수 있다고 지적했다. .

Successful projects necessarily involved multiple interwoven dimensions of leadership, organization, collaboration and personal growth, the relevance of which was inseparable from society and regional cultures. Fellows reflected often about challenges of adapting their FAIMER experience to their country-specific situations as well as increased awareness of the societal context. One Fellow indicated that in-depth knowledge of the reality of her/his country helped her/himmake an accurate diagnosis of what is effective for projects in that region, and now she/he can adapt knowledge to multiple areas of her/his country’s reality.


또한 Fellows의 의견은 Fellow의 개인적 진보에 긍정적으로 반영되지 않는 한 대학의 administrator들은 의학 교육의 스탠다드를 높이기 위한 지원을 거의 않는다는 사실을 보여주었다..

Additionally, Fellows’ comments reflected the realization that their university administrators provided little support for higher standards in medical education unless it reflected favorably on Fellow’s personal advancement.





고찰

Discussion


휄로우들의 공동 경험에서 얻은 결과는 명백한 사실을 확인시켜줍니다 : 교육에서 변화와 혁신을위한 쉬운 접근법과 레시피는 없습니다.

The results from the collective experiences of the Fellows confirm what is obvious: there are no easy approaches and recipes to change and innovation in education.


확인된 주제의 역동적 인 상호 작용은 각 상황마다 고유 한 것이었지만, 그것을 개발할 필요는 휄로우가 묘사 한 모든 상황에 공통적이었습니다. 이 연구에서 수행 된 프로젝트의 실제 현실에서, 학습이 "진화하는 환경에 적응하는 행동 반응"으로서 이해된다는 점에서 변화는 교육적이었다.

 (Snowden 2002; Heifetz et al., 2009).

The dynamic interplay of these themes was unique to each situation, yet the need to develop them was common to all situations described by the Fellows. Change, in the practical day-to-day reality of the projects followed in this study, was educational in the sense that learning is understood as in adaptive action response to evolving circumstances (Snowden 2002; Heifetz et al. 2009).



교수진은 배운 것을 실천할 필요가 있으며 즉각적인 관련성과 실용성이 핵심입니다. Fellows 보고서의 대다수는 특정 환경에서 특정 집단의 요구를 충족시키기 위해 개발 된 프로젝트를 기술 한 것이다 (Burdick et al. 2011).

faculty members need to practice what they learn, and that immediate relevance and practicality are key. The majority of Fellows’ reports described projects that were developed to meet the needs of a particular group in a particular setting (Burdick et al. 2011).



열두가지 권고 전략

12 Recommended strategies


(1) 프로젝트의 범위와 기간 조정.

(1) Adjusting the scope and time frame of the project.


모든 펠로우들은 시간이 지남에 따라 프로젝트가 보다 현실적이고 관리 가능한 수준으로 축소되었음을 지적했습니다. 이는 프로젝트의 scope과 무관해보이며, 즉 프로젝트가 전체 커리큘럼에 관련된 것이든, 커리큘럼의 일부에 대한 것이든, 커리큘럼 내의 어떤 과정에 대한 것이든 마찬가지였던 것으로 보인다. 프로젝트 규모를 축소 할 필요성은 새로운 기술 및 평가 방법의 도입을 비롯하여 다양한 유형의 교육 변화 전반에 걸쳐 명확하게 드러났다. 보편적으로 프로젝트 목표는보다 구체화되고 범위가 제한적으로 재 작성되고 재구성되었습니다.

All Fellows indicated that their projects over time were scaled down to a more realistic and manageable level. This seemed to be the case regardless of the scope of the project, that is, whether the project involved a change in the entire curriculum, a segment of the curriculum, or a course within the curriculum. The need to scale down project size was also apparent across various types of educational changes, including introduction of new technologies and assessment methods. Universally, project objectives were rewritten and reframed to be more specific and more limited in scope.



(2) 승인 필요.

(2) Approval requirements. 


모든 프로젝트는 학장,위원회, 기관 검토위원회 (윤리위원회), 교수진, 학생 및 지역 사회의 다양한 구성에 의해 승인되어야했습니다. 이로 인해 프로젝트 완료까지 시간이 추가적으로 필요했으며, 승인을 위해서는 프로젝트 크기를 줄일 필요가 있었다.

All projects had to be approved by various configurations of Deans, committees, Institutional Review Boards (Ethics Committees), faculty, students, and communities. This added to the time required for completion, and was related to the need for scaling down the size of the projects. 



(3) 파일럿 테스트의 유용성.

(3) Usefulness of pilot tests. 


파일럿 테스트는 프로젝트에 대한 기관적 수용을 증가시키는 데 도움이되었습니다.

Pilot testing helped to increase the institutional acceptance of projects.




(4) 팀 빌딩 및 태스크 포스의 중요성.

(4) Importance of team building and task forces. 


다른 사람들을 모으고 관심을 가질 수있는 능력

The ability to gather and interest others


(5) 예상치 못한 지연과 좌절.

(5) Unanticipated delays and setbacks.


예기치 못한 사건은 삶에서 언제나 일어나며, 모든 휄로우가 그것에 적응해야했습니다.

Unanticipated events are a fact of life and all Fellows had to adapt to it.


(6) 진행과정에서 프로젝트를 수정할 수있는 유연성이 필요합니다.

(6) Need for flexibility to modify the project along the way.


어떤 계획도 원래 계획대로 펼쳐지거나 이행되지 않았다.

No project unfolded and was implemented as originally planned.


(7) 변화하는 기관 우선 순위와 정책에 맞게 사업을 조정.

(7) Adapting projects to changing institutional priorities and policies.


정의에 따르면, 각 프로젝트는 기존의 커리큘럼이나 프로그램에 변형 또는 다른 접근 방식을 도입하여 현상 유지를 disturb하는 것이다.

By definition, each project was disturbing to the status quo, introducing a variation or different approach into an existing curriculum or program.


펠로우는 프로젝트를 앞으로 나아갈 수 있도록 동료들의 견해와 이해를 통합해야했습니다. 각 프로젝트는 기관 zone of variability(혁신 구성)을 가지고 있어서 내외부의 요구에 적응하여 완전히 다른 프로젝트가 될 수 있다 (Hall & Horde 1987). 모든 펠로우들은 프로젝트를 진행하면서 다른 시각을 받아들이는 능력이 필요하다고 인정하였습니다.

Fellows had to incorporate the views and understanding of their colleagues in order to be able to move projects forward. Each project has a zone of variability (innovation configurations) within which it adapts to the institution needs and outside of which it becomes another project altogether (Hall & Horde 1987). The ability to embrace different perspectives while moving forward with a project was recognized by all Fellows.



(8) 'found pilot'를 사용하십시오.

(8) Using ‘‘found pilots’’. 


found pilots 와의 연결은 때때로 변화하는 긍정적 인 편견의 일부가 될 수 있으며 (Marsh & Schroeder 2002), 프로젝트의 파일럿 테스트 및 확장을 촉진 할 수 있습니다.

Connecting with found pilots at times can become part of the positive devianceapproach to change (Marsh & Schroeder 2002) andhelp promote pilot testing and expansion of the desiredproject.



(9) 필연적이고 지속적인 교수개발 필요성.

(9) Inevitable and continued need for faculty development.


프로젝트의 성숙으로 인해 협업, 확장, 제도화 및 지속 가능성을위한 필수 구성 요소로서 더 큰 교수 개발이 필요했습니다.

The maturation of projects created a need for greater faculty development as an essential component for collaboration, expansions, institutionalization, and sustainability.


(10) 프로젝트를 자주 평가하고 수정하기.

(10) Evaluating and modifying the project frequently.


빈번한 단기간의 평가는 더 작고, 아마도 더 많은 조정을 가능하게 했다.

Frequent short-term evaluations permitted smaller, and presumably more doable, adjustments.


(11) 새로운 사람들과 함께 펼쳐나가기

(11) Expanding with new people.


모든 프로젝트는 상호 의존적 공유 비전을 향한 지속적인 공동 작업의 형태의 협력을 필요로했습니다. 많은 프로젝트가 기관의 한 부분으로 정립되었습니다.

All projects required collaboration in the form of sustained collective work toward an interdependent shared vision. Many projects became established as part of the institution.


(12) 맥락을 온전히 알고 문헌을 읽는 것이 중요합니다.

(12) Critical importance of reading the literature, knowing the subject in its full context.


대부분의 펠로우들은 HPE에 상대적으로 익숙하지 않았으며, 일반적으로 현장의 관련 문헌 및 프로젝트 관련 문헌에 익숙하지 않았습니다. 또 다른 도전은 보건 전문 교육의 문헌 대부분이 영어로되어 있으며 많은 휄로우들이 영어를 제 2 외국어로 말하고 읽고 쓸 수 있다는 것입니다. 마지막으로 많은 펠로우는 그러한 문헌에 대한 접근성이 부족하다는 점을 지적했다.

Most Fellows were relatively new to health professions education and inexperienced with the relevant literature in the field in general and with project-specific literature. An additional challenge was that most of the literature in health professions education is in English and many Fellows speak, read, and write English as a second language. Finally, many Fellows noted the lack of access to such literature.










 2013;35(2):e971-7. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2012.731096. Epub 2012 Oct 26.

Project-based faculty development by international health professions educatorspracticalstrategies.

Author information

1
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, NM, USA. menninsp@gmail.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Project design and implementation, applied to real life situations, is emerging as an educational strategy for application of health professions faculty development learning within a supportive environment.

AIM:

We conducted a retrospective analysis of project evolution to identify common experiences, challenges, and successful strategies of 54 mid-career faculty members from 18 developing countries who attended the Foundation for the Advancement of International Medical Education and Research Institute between 2001 and 2006 and designed, conducted, and evaluated education innovations at their home institutions.

METHODS:

Chronological analysis of the evolution of 54 projects over the initial 16-18 months of the 2-year Fellowship was based on an iterative qualitative analysis of 324 reports and individual interview transcripts collected over 6 years.

RESULTS:

Useful skill areas for project implementation included educational methods, leadership and management, and relationships/collaboration. Common challenges included competing responsibilities, lack of protected time, and limited resources. Themes identified with the evolution and success of education innovation projects included leadership and organization, collaboration, personal professional growth, and awareness of the relevant societal context.

CONCLUSIONS:

Common challenges and success factors in project-based faculty development were identified. Twelve practical strategiesto promote successful project-based faculty development emerged that can be generalized for faculty development.

PMID:
 
23102155
 
DOI:
 
10.3109/0142159X.2012.731096
[Indexed for MEDLINE]


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