A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document or at the end of a chapter, volume or the whole text. The note can provide an author's comments on the main text or citations of a reference work in support of the text, or both. In English, a footnote is normally flagged by a superscripted number immediately following that portion of the text the note is in reference to.
- The first idea1 for the first footnote on the page, the second idea2 for the second footnote, and so on.
Occasionally a number between brackets or parentheses is used instead, thus: [1]. Typographical devices such as the asterisk (*) or dagger (†) may also be used to point to footnotes; the traditional order of these symbols in English is *, †, ‡, §,‖, ¶.[1] Historically, ☞ was also at the end of this list.[2] In documents like timetables, many different symbols, as well as letters and numbers, may be used to refer the reader to particular notes. In John Bach McMaster's multi-volume History of the People of the United States the sequence runs *, †, ‡, # (instead of §), ‖, Δ (instead of ¶), ◊, ↓, ↕, ↑. In Arabic texts, a specific Arabic footnote marker (), encoded as U+0602 in Unicode, is also used. In Japanese, the corresponding symbol is※ (U+203B).
Footnotes are notes at the foot of the page while endnotes are collected under a separate heading at the end of a chapter, volume, or entire work. Unlike footnotes, endnotes have the advantage of not affecting the layout of the main text, but may cause inconvenience to readers who have to move back and forth between the main text and the endnotes.
The US Government Printing Office Style Manual devotes over two pages to the topic of footnotes.[3] NASA has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.[4]
(출처 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_(typography))
MLA Style Manual
Miscellaneous
abstract
Abstracts for all papers in the JMLA must be structured to include objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. The structured abstract should state the purposes of the study or investigation, basic procedures (e.g., selection of subjects, analytical methods), main findings (giving specific data and their statistical significance as appropriate), and the principal conclusions. It should emphasize new and important aspects of the study or observations and succinctly capture the important points made by the investigation, not preview what will appear in the article. Try to eliminate filler, e.g., “this report will show,” “a study was performed that,” or “we attempted to demonstrate that.”
appendixes
Appendixes always appear at the end of an article, after the references, or online only in the PubMed archived version of a JMLA paper.
credit line
Credit for a photograph or illustration may be included in the caption; for example, “Photograph by John Smith.” A tabular arrangement of data drawn from another source may be acknowledged in a footnote to the table. Illustrations or tables made by the author need no credit lines.
figures (illustrations)
Never use “Figure 1, below.” Refer to each figure by its order in the text, not by position. If a figure is not referenced in the text, insert a citation: “(Figure 1).” Do not use “see.”
Students preferred electronic reserves to print reserves (Figure 1).
footnotes
Footnote indicators should come in the following order: asterisk (*), dagger (†), double dagger (‡), section mark (§); then two asterisks (**), two daggers (††), two double daggers (‡‡) two section marks (§§), etc. Monograph, MLANET, and MLA News authors should avoid using footnotes.
Letters to the editor
Do not use the salutation “To the Editor.” Assign an indexable title. See also “bylines” in the Names and Terms section.
obituaries
In the heading of a JMLA obituary, give the name of the person being eulogized, followed by a comma and the birth and death years. An additional title may follow. When a photograph of the person accompanies the obituary, no caption is required. See also “bylines” in the Names and Terms section.
oral speeches and debates
The transcript of anything spoken should not be edited, just as quotations from written works should not be edited. However, authors of written works have the opportunity to reread and edit the expression of their thoughts before they appear in print. People whose spoken words are put into print do not have this option.
For this reason, altering quoted spoken remarks is acceptable in two cases: the meaning conveyed by the quoted words is clearly different from what the speaker meant to say, or the text of what was actually said would embarrass the speaker for its incoherence.
Transcripts can and should be edited for capitalization, punctuation, spelling, and style considerations that do not alter what the speaker is reported as saying.
running heads
Each running head should be no longer than fifty characters. The left running head in the JMLA is the author or authors’ names as follows below. The right running head gives a shortened version of the paper’s title.
Smith (for one author)
Smith and Jones (for two authors)
Smith et al. (for three or more authors)
(출처 : http://www.mlanet.org/publications/style/style_miscellaneous.html)
Frequently Asked Questions about the MLA Style Manual
(출처 : http://www.mla.org/style_faq)
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