FACULTY OF MEDICINE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION CLINICAL EDUCATION DIRECTORATE MAASTRICHT 2003
THE NEW MAASTRICHT CURRICULUM YEAR3 : CHRONIC DISORDERS
Composed by M. van Santen and S.J. van Luijk, in cooperation with the cluster coordinators: H. Crijns, T. Delhaas, E. Heineman, R. Geesink and T. Schmidt;
the coordinators of non-cluster-related education: R. Ottenheijm, J. van Eijk, J. Schouten, R. Houtepen, J.-J. Rethans, J. van Dalen; C. van der Vleuten and other members of the Department of Educational Development and Research
법과 윤리
HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS
여기서는 윤리적/법적 문제들을 다루고 있다. 핵심 주제는 의사-환자 관계이며 네 개의 세부 주제로 나누어진다.
the professional,
informed consent and autonomy,
privacy,
representation of relatives.
This part of the programme is based on ethical and legal issues the students meet in their contacts during the outpatient encounters and in practice. The central theme is the doctor-patient relationship, subdivided into four smaller themes: the professional, informed consent and autonomy, privacy and representation of relatives.
학생들은 클러스터와 관련된 학습자료/과제를 받고 짝을 이루어 과제를 해야 한다. 주제는 다음과 같다.
The students are given cluster-related study materials and assignments they have to work on in pairs.
The subjects are:
Errors and mistakes, Conflicting insights (Circulation and lungs cluster);
Protocols/Privacy/Professional secrecy (Locomotor apparatus cluster);
Age and lifestyle, Compliance (Abdomen cluster);
Informed consent (care giver) and Informed consent (patient) (Psychomedical cluster).
과제에 대한 정보는 OPE동안 축적되며, 학생들은 짧은 보고서를 쓰고 그것을 base group 미팅에서 발표한다. 이 교육과정은 다음을 포함한다.
Information for the assignments is compiled during the outpatient encounters. The students write a short report and present it in their base group meeting. This part of the educational programme includes:
An introductory lecture at the beginning of the year, in which the organisation of the year programme is explained
Selection and electronic presentations of thematic case studies by students (in pairs)
Discussion about thematic cases led by a health law and ethics teacher
Year assignment resulting in a paper focussing on the application of information from ethical and legal literature into practical situations
Tutorial lecture to support students in their year assignments.
강의 LECTURES
강의는 interactive하며, 최대 1주에 4시간까지 있다.
The lectures are interactive and take up a maximum of four hours per week.
실습
PRACTICALS
임상표현에서 다뤄지는 주제들은 다음에 대한 실습을 포함한다.
The subjects addressed in the clinical presentations are supported by practicals about:
Anatomy
Imaging techniques
Physiology
Medical informatics and statistics
Medical microbiology.
술기 훈련
SKILLS TRAINING
OPE와 다른 field contact에서의 학습효과를 최대화하기 위해서 학생들은 술기훈련프로그램을 받아야 한다. Abd/Loco/Circ 클러스터의 첫 주에 술기 훈련이 시작된다.
In order to maximize the learning effect of outpatient encounters and other field contacts, the students follow a skills training programme at the Skillslab. In the first weeks of the clusters Abdomen, Locomotor apparatus and Circulation and lungs, the skills training starts with super- vised patient encounters.
Base group에서 학생들은 병력 청취와 신체 검진을 연습한다. 그 후 학습목표를 설정하고, 감독하 환자 접촉(supervised patient encounter)은 학생들이 독립적으로 field contact를 하기 위한 준비과정이다. Skillslab 훈련 외에도 수기훈련세션에 대한 통합적 리뷰세션이 해부학 재교육 세션에서 제공된다.
In their base groups, the students practise history taking and physical examination in a patient with a chronic disorder, supervised by a Skillslab trainer or sometimes their base group coach. Subsequently, they formulate learning goals. These supervised patient encounters are meant to prepare the students for their independent field contacts. Besides the usual Skillslab training, integrated review skills training sessions that are organized simultaneously with anatomy refresher sessions.
세션에서 학생들은 해부학지식을 refresh할 뿐만 아니라 신체검진기술을 익히게 된다.이 트레이닝 세션은 최대한 사례 학습을 중심으로 한다.
In one session the students can refresh their knowledge of anatomy as well as repeat physical diagnostic skills with the help of the Skillslab trainers and anatomy teachers present. The training sessions are as much as possible based on case studies.
평가
ASSESSMENT
도입
INTRODUCTION
시작점은 Blueprint 2001에 기술된 성취레벨이다. 즉, 평가가 교육의 한 부분이며, 학습과 학습에 대한 학생 스스로의 책임을 촉진해야 한다는 개념이다. 역량에 대한 평가는 밀러의 피라미드에 기반한다. 학생은 교육 프로그램의 요구조건이 달성되었다는 것을 보여줄 수 있는 포트폴리오를 작성하고, 멘토와 함께 토론한다. 클러스터 관련 평가와 클러스터 비관련 평가를 구분한다.
The starting points are the achievement levels stated in ‘Blueprint 2001: training of medical doctors in the Netherlands’, the concept that assessment is an integrated part of education and should stimulate learning, and the student’s own responsibility. Competence is assessed on the basis of the levels of Miller’s pyramid: knows (theoretical knowledge), knows how (knows how knowledge and skills should be applied) shows how (applies knowledge and skills in test situation), does (applies knowledge and skills in practice).5 The student composes a portfolio which proves that the requirements of the educational programme have been met and discusses it with the mentor. A distinction is made between cluster-related en non-cluster-related assessment.
클러스터 관련 평가
CLUSTER-RELATED ASSESSMENT
클러스터 관련 평가는 학생이 스스로의 발전과 수행능력에 대해 모은 포트폴리오를 바탕으로 한다. 이는 의사의 네 가지 역할에 대한 것과 관련이 있다. 의료전문가/과학자/보건의료인/사람.
Cluster-related assessment is based on the cluster portfolios in which the students compile information about their progress and performance in the four roles of a medical doctor: medical expert, scientist, health care worker and person.
학생이 모으는 정보는 예를 들면, 시험결과라든가, 윤리나 법과 관련된 보고서, 과제, 코치나 감독의 관찰결과, 환자 접촉을 바탕으로 한 보고서, psychomedical 클러스터 발표, 학생의 역할에 대한 평가, CAT 등이 있다. 이 자료들을 모으는 것은 학생 스스로의 책임이다.
The information consists of, for instance, results of written tests, a paper on ethics and health law, assignments, observations of the coach and supervisor of the practicals, reports based on patient encounters, psychomedical cluster presentation, evaluation of the student’s functioning and a CAT. It is the student’s own responsibility to compile this information in their portfolios.
코치는 클러스터 포트폴리오를 평가한다. 최종 평가와 별도로, 학생들은 네 가지 역할에 대한 피드백을 받게 된다. 평가를 담당한 teaching staff는 어떻게 피드백을 줘야 하며 포트폴리오를 기반으로 어떻게 평가를 해야 하는가에 대한 훈련을 받는다.
The coach assesses the cluster portfolios. Besides the final assessment of each cluster, the students receive feedback on their four different roles as a future doctor twice in each cluster. The teaching staff with assessment roles will be trained, particularly on how to provide feedback and assess students on the basis of a cluster portfolio.
클러스터 비관련 평가
NON-CLUSTER-RELATED ASSESSMENT
클러스터 비관련 평가는 전통적인 평가법(진단평가, 스테이션 평가)을 이용한다. 전문직으로서의 행동에 대한 평가 역시 여기에 포함된다. Station test는 술기와 지식을 모두 포함한다.
Non-cluster-related assessment consists of traditional tests such as progress tests and a station tests. Assessment of professional behaviour is also part of the non-cluster-related assessment. Station tests cover both skills and knowledge.
새로은 시험 포멧도 있다.
New test formats are:
year assignment based on field contacts in general practices,
health law and ethics and
the year patient programme.
또한 학생들은 일년간의 포트폴리오를 제출하는데, 클러스터 포트폴리오에서 일부 선택해서 포함시키는 것도 있으며, 의사의 역할에 대해서 약점/강점을 분석한 것, 학생에 대한 평가 등이 포함된다. 멘토와 학생은 최소 일년에 2회 이상 토론을 한다. 이 미팅의 주된 초점은 약점/강점을 분석해서 학생과 관련된 약속을 하는 것이다.
Also, the student has to submit a year portfolio. It includes a selection of information from the cluster portfolio, weakness/strength analyses per role of the medical doctor and the agreements made with the student. The portfolio is discussed at least twice a year by the mentor and the student. The main points of these meetings are to discuss the weakness/strength analyses per role and the appointments about it with the students.
교수
TEACHING STAFF
다음은 3학년에 teaching staff이 해야 하는 역할이다. 각각의 역할에 대해서 해당 기간과 전문영역, 주요 업무가 기술되어 있다. 클러스터 관련 교수역할은 매 10주마다 수행되어야 한다. 그러나 매 시기에 반드시 동일한 사람이 해야 하는 것은 아니다.
The following list outlines the teaching roles in year 3 in which the teaching staff is directly involved in the implementation of education and training. For each role, the period of the academic year it needs to be fulfilled, the required expertise and main tasks are indicated. Cluster-related teaching roles are to be fulfilled in every period of ten weeks. However, these roles do not have to be taken up by the same person in every cluster period.
ROLES OF TEACHING STAFF IN YEAR 3
Mentor
In years 3, 4 and 5 guidance of individual students; discussion and assessment portfolio.
Year coach
Coaching of a group of 10 students for YPP/SPE/Intervision throughout the year; general practitioner; specialized in cluster-related and non-cluster-related aspects of chronic disease.
Cluster coach
Coaching of a base group of 10 students during a cluster period; specialized in chronic disease; role in cluster-related assessment.
Clinical supervisor
Supervision in several clusters of the field contacts in mental health care, nursing homes and rehabilitation centres; specialized in chronic disease.
- Supervision during the entire year of the same students in a general practice; general practitioner; particularly specialized in generic aspects of chronic disease
- Supervision during student-centred outpatient encounters (OPE) at a student-centred azM outpatient clinic; specialized in chronic disease; provides feedback on activities and performance of the students during the OPEs.
Lecturer
Occasional; lectures are repeated in each of the four cluster periods; specialized in chronic disease.
Supervisor of the practicals
Depends on practical.
Skills trainer
Spread over the year; Skillslab trainer.
학생
STUDENTS
한 학생의 한 주 스케줄은 다음과 같으나 단지 사례일 뿐이다. 실제 스케줄은 클러스터 내에서, 클러스터간 다를 수 있다. 일부 OPE나 YPP등은 특정 시간에만 하는 것은 아니다. 예를 들어서 한 주는 base group meeting이 있었던 금요일 마지막 시간에 시작될 수도 있다.
To give an idea of how the activities will be spread over a week, a possible week schedule of a third-year student is described below. Please note that it is only an example! The real schedules may vary within a cluster and between clusters. Some educational activities (OPEs, base group meetings, YPP) do not take place on fixed days or times. A week may start, for instance, in the last hour of a base group meeting on Friday in which the outpatient encounter or other field of the coming week is prepared.
아래 그림은 교육 사이클에 대한 것이다. 이 사이클의 핵심은 base group meeting에서 OPE를 준비하는 것, 환자 접촉, 자습, 피드백과 토론이다.
This figure represents the educational cycle. The central part of the cycle includes preparation of the outpatient encounters (OPE) in the base group meeting, patient encounters, self-study and feedback/discussion in the base group.
임상표현과 만성질환의 특정 클러스터 관련 측면에 초점을 두며, psychomedical cluster에서 OPE는 정신건강병원에서 하는 것으로 대체된다. YPP, CATs, 법과 윤리 등과 같은 다른 3학년 프로그램들이 OPE 사이클과 base group meeting을 지원하는 구조이다.
The emphasis is on the clinical presentation and cluster- related aspects of chronicity. In the psychomedical cluster, the OPEs at the student-centred outpatient clinic are replaced by field contacts in mental health care institutions. The cycle of OPEs and base group meetings is supported by the other activities in year 3: year patient programme (YPP), CATs, health law and ethics.
아래는 teaching staff와 학생이 만난느 것을 그린 것이다.
The figure below shows the student’s contacts with teaching staff.
FINALLY
3학년은 새 교육과정 중에서 교육과정이 가장 급격하게 변하는 학년이다. 이 프로그램은 학생과 교수 모두에게 큰 도전이다. 개발그룹은 실천 속에서 배우는 것(learning in practice)을 주요 원칙으로 삼았다. teaching staff는 임상실습 감독관으로서 학생이 경험을 기반으로 학습하는 것을 도울 수 있다. 또는 학생이 더 깊은 지식을 탐구하고 실제 진료에 대한 통찰을 얻으며, 어떻게 환자를 큰 맥락속에서 볼 수 있는가를 도와주는 코치일 수도 있다.
The third year is definitely the year in which changes of the new curriculum are most drastic. The programme contains many challenges for both teaching staff and students. The planning groups have developed a programme in which ‘learning in practice’ is the guiding principle. The teaching staff can be clinical supervisors and contribute to the student’s learning on the basis of their own expertise. Or they can be coaches who help the students to gain in-depth knowledge and insight of real practice and how to see a patient in context.
교육과 감독과 코칭을 적절히 사용하는 것은 학생의 역할이며, 목표가 달성된다면 2001교육과정의 학생들은 임상실습에서 더 많은 것을 배우고, 더 독립적이 될 것이며, 의학적 의사결정을 비판적으로 내릴 수 있는 능력을 갖출 것이다.
It is the student’s responsibility to make good use of the education, supervision and coaching that is offered. If the year goals are met, ‘Curriculum 2001’ students will be better able to learn from their clerkships and will be more self-reliant and critical with respect to their medical decisions and abilities.
교육과정은 항상 계획대로 되지 않는다. 프로그램을 향상시키는 것은 학생과 교수 모두의 몫이다. 클러스터는 3학년동안 네 번 반복되기 때문에 한 해 안에서도 개선이 가능하다. 향후 학생과 교수 모두에게 있어서 새로운 가능성이 기대된다.
An educational programme may not always work according to plan. It is the responsibility of the students and the teaching staff to improve the programme. Since the clusters are repeated four times in year 3, it is possible to make improvements during the year. In conclusion, the third year is a challenging one for those who are organizing it; the logistics of the programme are very complex. It is a year to look forward to, for both students and teaching staff, because it offers many field contacts and new possibilities.
(출처 : http://members.home.nl/h.e.stoffers/UM_med_year3_2001.pdf)
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