역량중심 의학교육 : 이론에서 실제까지
Competency-based medical education: theory to practice
JASON R. FRANK1, LINDA S. SNELL2, OLLE TEN CATE3, ERIC S. HOLMBOE4, CAROL CARRACCIO5,
SUSAN R. SWING6, PETER HARRIS7, NICHOLAS J. GLASGOW8, CRAIG CAMPBELL9, DEEPAK DATH10,
RONALD M. HARDEN11, WILLIAM IOBST12, DONLIN M. LONG13, RANI MUNGROO14, DENYSE
L. RICHARDSON15, JONATHAN SHERBINO16, IVAN SILVER17, SARAH TABER18, MARTIN TALBOT19 &
KENNETH A. HARRIS20
최근 몇 년간 역량중심 의학교육(CBME)은 교육자들과 정책입안자들의 관심을 끌었지만, 이 패러다임에 대해서 합의된 부분은 많지 않다. 우리는 International CBME Collaborator와의 파트너십을 통해 현재 이슈가 되고 있는 것들을 살펴보았다.
다중 단계 그룹 프로세스(multi-stage group process)를 이용해서 consensus conference를 열어 CBME에 대한 문헌을 살펴보고, 명확히 해야 할 쟁점을 밝히고, 여러 분야의 교육자들이 활용할 수 있는 정의와 개념을 세우고, 미래에 나아갈 방향을 살펴보았다.
이 논문에서는 20세기의 outcome movement를 중심으로 CBME의 진화를 설명하고자 한다. (outcome movement는 accountability and curricular outcomes and organized around competencies, promotes greater learner-centredness and de-emphasizes time-based curricular design에 초점을 둔다.) 이 패러다임에서는 역량 및 그와 관련된 용어들의 다각도적, 역동적, 발전적, 맥락적 특성을 강조한다.
여기서는 CBME 접근법과 이와 관련된 개념을 설명하는 동시에 많은 의학교육자들이 이 논의에 참여하고 21세기 CBME의 잠재력과 위험요인을 모두 살펴볼 수 있는 기회가 되었으면 한다.
Practice points
. 역량 기반 교육은 전문 교육의 부활 패러다임입니다.
. CBME는 커리큘럼의 결과로서 역량 또는 사전 정의 된 능력을 중심으로 구성됩니다.
. CBME 패러다임은 역량과 역량발달의 개념을 재정의합니다.
. CBME는 전 세계적으로 의사 훈련에 대한 많은 도전 과제와 함께 큰 약속을하고 있습니다.
. CBME는 현대 의학 교육을 변화시킬 잠재력이 있습니다.
. Competency-based education is a resurgent paradigm in professional education.
. CBME is organized around competencies, or predefined abilities, as outcomes of the curriculum.
. The CBME paradigm employs redefined concepts of competence and its development.
. CBME holds great promise along with many challenges for physician training worldwide.
. CBME has the potential to transform contemporary medical education.
도입
Introduction
우리는 미래에 경험보다는 전문성이 역량 기반 실천 및 인증의 기초가 될 것이라고 믿습니다 (Aggarwal & Darzi 2006)
We believe that in the future, expertise rather than experience will underlie competency-based practice and...certification (Aggarwal & Darzi 2006)
CBME라는 용어가 이 전문직에 도입되었으며, 상위 일반 의학 저널 (Leung 2002, Aggarwal & Darzi 2006)에서 토론되고있다. "역량"은 많은 영역에서 의학 교육 계획의 단위가되었다 (Leung 2002; Albanese et al.2008).
CBME has entered the lexicon of the profession and is now debated in the top general medical journals (Leung 2002; Aggarwal & Darzi 2006).‘‘Competencies’’ have become the unit of medical educational planning in many jurisdictions (Leung 2002; Albanese et al.2008).
방법
Methods: The ICMBE Collaborators
역량바탕교육의 기원
Origins of competency-based education
전문가 육성에 대한 역량 기반 접근법에 대한 요구는 60 년 이상으로 거슬러 올라간다 (Grant 1975, Spady 1977, Carraccio 외 2002) Tyler (1949)와 Mager (1997)의 연구에서 언급된 프로그램 목표와 목표에 중점을 두는 방식이 20 세기 초반에 널리 채택되었지만, 다른 이들은 프로그램 최종 제품을 희생하여 프로세스에 대한 집중을 거부했습니다. 성과기반교육 (OBE)은 이것에 대한 대응으로 발생했다 (Block 1974, Rubin & Spady 1984, Levine 1985, Spady 1994, Harden 1999). OBE는 학습자와 프로그램 결과물을 강조했으나 이를 달성하기위한 경로 및 과정을 강조하지 않았습니다. 지식 목표를 중심으로 구성된 전통적인 기준은 프로그램의 제품에 관계없이 교육 과정을 강조하는 경향이 있지만, OBE는 반대 입장을 취합니다. 성과에 따라 모든 커리큘럼 결정이 guide되고, 커리큘럼 프로세스는 부차적이다 (Harden 1999). 이러한 맥락에서 역량 기반 접근법은 OBE의 한 유형으로 볼 수 있습니다.
Calls for competency-based approaches to preparing professionals go back 60 years or more (Grant 1975; Spady 1977; Carraccio et al. 2002) Although an emphasis on program goals and objectives articulated in the work of Tyler (1949) and Mager (1997) was widely adopted in the early 20th century, others rejected the ensuing focus on process at the expense of program end-products. Outcome-based education (OBE) arose in response (Block 1974; Rubin & Spady 1984; Levine 1985; Spady 1994; Harden 1999). OBE emphasized learner and program outcomes, not the pathways and processes to attain them. Whereas traditional criteria organized around knowledge objectives tend to emphasize the instructional process, regardless of the product of the program, OBE takes the opposite position: outcomes guide all curriculum decisions, and curriculum processes are secondary (Harden 1999). In this context, competency-based approaches to curricula can be seen as a type of OBE.
CBME의 rationale
The rationale for CBME
CBME가 새로운 것이 아니라면 지금 왜 그런 관심을 끌고 있습니까? 최근 몇 년 동안 세력 및 추세가 CBME에 특별한 관심을 불러 일으켰습니다.
If CBME is not new, why it is attracting such interest now? In recent years, number of forces and trends have given rise to a particular interest in CBME.
1. 교육과정 성과에 초점
1. A focus on curricular outcomes
CBME의 지지자들은 전문직에 대한 책임과 감시의 시대에, 의학 교육자들은 모든 졸업생들이 실무에 대비할 수 있도록해야한다고 주장했다. 많은 commentators들이 여러 커리큘럼이 졸업생에게 필요한 성과를 명시적으로 정의내리지 않을 뿐만아니라, 성과의 배움, 평가, 습득을 확인하고 있지도 않다고 지적했다. 그들은 교육과정 개발에 있어서 serve할 인구의 요구에 명시적으로 연계된 접근 방식을 옹호하며, 이들은 본질적으로 실용주의자이다. 각 커리큘럼 요소는 학습자 결과에 기여해야하며, 그렇지 않으면 제거되어야 한다. 또한, 하나의 핵심 영역의 능력(예 : 절차 적 기술)이 다른 능력(예 : 의사 소통)의 부족을 보완하는 현상은, 전문직과 대중에게 해를 끼친다고 주장한다.
Advocates of CBME argue that, in an era of greater accountability and scrutiny of the professions, medical educators must ensure that every graduate is prepared for practice. Commentators in many countries have noted that many curricula do not even explicitly define the outcome abilities needed of graduates, let alone ensure they are learned, assessed, and acquired. They advocate an approach to curriculum planning that, explicitly tied to the needs of those served, is inherently utilitarian: each curricular element must contribute to learner outcomes or be cut. In addition, they argue that the phenomenon of allowing ability in one essential domain (e.g., procedural skills) to compensate for lack of ability in another (e.g., communication) does a disservice to both the profession and the public served.
2. 능력을 강조
2. An emphasis on abilities (competencies as the organizing principle of curricula)
목표 기반 접근법의 환원주의는 기술, 태도, 진료의 고차원적인 측면을 희생하여 지식에 지나치게 강조하게되었다 (Talbot 2004). 또한 독립적 지식 목표 목록은 학습learning이 커리큘럼 전체에 통합되어 있지 않은 프로그램을 만들고는 한다. CBME 패러다임에서, 교육과정 요소는 구성주의적 방식으로 서로 구성되도록 조정됩니다. 역량을 organizing framework로 사용함으로써 교육자는 앞선 학습 요소를 지속적으로 통합하고, 관찰 가능한 능력을 강조하는 학습 경험을 설계함으로써 이러한 문제를 해결할 수있는 기회를 갖게됩니다 (McGaghie 1978, Voorhees 2001a, Carraccio 외 2002).
the reductionism of objectives-based approaches has led to an over-emphasis on knowledge at the expense of skills, attitudes, and higher order aspects of practice (Talbot 2004). In addition, independent lists of knowledge objectives can create a program in which learning is not integrated across the curriculum. In the CBME paradigm, curricular elements are tailored to build on one another in a constructivist manner. by using competencies as an organizing framework, educators have an opportunity to address these issues by designing learning experiences that continuously incorporate prior learning elements and emphasize observable abilities (McGaghie 1978; Voorhees 2001a; Carraccio et al. 2002).
3. 시간 기반 훈련을 강조하지 않음
3. A de-emphasis of time-based training
현대 의학 교육은 실제로 취득한 능력 (오랜 2000)보다는 훈련 (예 : 회전)에서 소비 된 시간의 양을 중시한다. 자격증 시험 자격과 같은 의사 자격 증명의 측면은 특정 경험에 소비되는 시간에 초점을 두는 경향이 있습니다.
contemporary medical education oriented toward the amount of time spent in an aspect of training (e.g., a rotation) rather than the abilities actually acquired (Long 2000). Aspects of physician credentialing, such as eligibility for certification exams, tend to focus on time spent on specific experiences.
융통성있는 시간주기를 가진 커리큘럼은 엄격하게 시간 중심으로 구성된 커리큘럼보다 효율적이고 매력적일 수 있습니다 (Bell et al. 1997; Long 2000; Carraccio 외. 2002).
a curriculum with flexible time periods may be more efficient and engaging than a strictly time-based curriculum (Bell et al. 1997; Long 2000; Carraccio et al. 2002).
4. 학습자 중심 촉진
4. The promotion of learner-centredness
CBME는 trainee가 자신의 진도와 발전에 책임을 지도록 장려합니다.
CBME, encourages trainees to take responsibility for their progress and development by mapping out a transparent pathway frommilestone to milestone on their way toward competence.
CBME란 무엇인가? 핵심 개념 정의
What is CBME? Defining the key concepts
the definition of ‘‘competency-based medical education’’ is highly variable in the literature. We therefore propose the definitions of CBME-related concepts listed in Box 2.
Competence
The array of abilities across multiple domains or aspects of physician performance in a certain context.
Statements about competence require descriptive qualifiers to define the relevant abilities, context, and stage of training.
Competence is multi-dimensional and dynamic. It changes with time, experience, and setting.
Competency
An observable ability of a health professional, integrating multiple components such as knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes. Since competencies are observable, they can be measured and assessed to ensure their acquisition.
Competencies can be assembled like building blocks to facilitate progressive development.
Competency-based medical education
An outcomes-based approach to the design, implementation, assessment, and evaluation of medical education programs, using an organizing framework of competencies.
Competent
Possessing the required abilities in all domains in a certain context at a defined stage of medical education or practice.
Dyscompetence
Possessing relatively less ability in one or more domains of physician competence in a certain context and at a defined stage of medical education or practice.
Incompetent
Lacking the required abilities in all domains in a certain context at a defined stage of medical education or practice.
Progression of competence
The central tenets of the CBME paradigm require an understanding of physician competence as multi-dimensional, dynamic, contextual, and developmental.
For each domain of competence, there is a corresponding spectrum of ability from novice to master, as described by Dreyfus (2004; see also Carraccio et al. 2008). However, instead of a static concept of competence that postulates a physician who, once certified to practise, is competent forever, we emphasize the concept of competence as an ever-changing, contextual construct (Koens et al. 2005).
For example, a surgeon certified as fit for practice in an urban academic teaching hospital soon after graduation from residency may find it difficult to cope in a rural hospital in a developing country. The idea of ‘‘progression of competence’’ speaks to this conception of competence as dynamic, developing or receding over time, and as grounded in the environment of practice or learning.
Furthermore, we propose that competencies be viewed as ingredients of competence, which can be assembled from smaller elements of learning.
Currently, a physician is deemed competent at the point where he or she is considered ready to practise independently. This static view of competence often rests quite arbitrarily on time-based credentialing. We therefore propose that the term ‘‘competent’’ be used with modifiers that specify which domains of ability, which context, and what stage of medical education or practice it refers to. Thus,
a second-year medical student could be competent to enter a supervised undergraduate clinical rotation on a teaching hospital ward,
a resident trainee could be competent to run an intensive care unit autonomously overnight, and
a graduate of a residency program could be competent to perform some, but not all, procedures independently in a rural institution.
Entrustable professional activities are essentially competencies in context; that is, an integration of the competencies that allow one to perform the professional activities expected of a good doctor within a given specialty.
- 우리는 하나 이상의 역량 영역 (예 : 의사 소통 능력)에 상대적인 결함이있는 의사를 지칭하는 비교 용어로 "dyscompetence"를 제안합니다.
- "무능incompetent"하다고 말하는 것은 그의 모든 능력이constellation of abilities가 특정 단계의 학습자가, 특정 상황에서 요구되는 사항을 충족시키지 못한다는 판단입니다.
We propose ‘‘dyscompetence’’ as a comparative term to refer to physicians who have a relative deficiency in one or more domains of competence (e.g., communication abilities).
To say that a physician is ‘‘incompetent’’ would be a judgment that his or her constellation of abilities does not meet the requirements for a specified stage of training or practice, in a specified setting (e.g., a third-year medical student could be incompetent to function in an ambulatory clinic with intermediate supervision).
CBME 기획
Planning CBME
전통적인 프로그램은 "학습자는 무엇을 알아야합니까?"또는 "어떻게 우리가 학습자를 가르쳐야합니까?"라는 질문으로 시작하는 반면, CBME는 결과로 시작합니다. CBME는 "졸업생에게 필요한 능력은 무엇인가?"라는 질문을 중심으로 구성되어 있습니다 (Harden 외. 1999).
Whereas a traditional program may begin with the question, ‘‘What do learners need to know?’’ or ‘‘How shall we teach our learners?’’, CBME begins with outcomes. CBME is organized around the question, ‘‘What abilities are needed of graduates?’’ (Harden et al. 1999).
기대되는 점과 위험 요소
Promise and perils: implications of the CBME approach for the health professions
CBME를 도입함으로써 기대할 수 있는 장점은
Among the benefits promised by the adoption of CBME are:
. 역량의 새로운 패러다임. ICBME 공동 작업자가 지정한 용어는 의사 전문 역량이 의미하는 바에 대한 새로운 담론과 각 전문인의 능력을 습득, 유지 관리 및 향상시키는 데있어 의학 교육의 역할을 촉진 할 수 있습니다.
. A new paradigm of competence. The terms identified by the ICBME Collaborators can facilitate a new discourse on what is meant by physician competence and the role of medical education in the acquisition, maintenance, and enhancement of the abilities of each individual professional.
. 성과에 대한 헌신. 대학원 능력을 중시하는 CBME 커리큘럼은 임상의가 환자와 지역 사회에 봉사 할 수 있도록 의학의 사회적 계약을 수행 할 수 있습니다.
. A renewed commitment to outcomes. CBME curricula, with their emphasis on graduate abilities, can fulfill medicine’s societal contract to prepare clinicians to serve their patients and communities.
. 개발 이정표에 대한 평가를위한 새로운 초점. 개발을 이끌 기위한 빈번하고 실용적인 평가에 대한 CBME의 요구는 학습 과정에서의 평가의 역할을 강조합니다
. A new focus for assessment on developmental milestones. CBME’s requirement for frequent, utilitarian assessment to guide development emphasizes the role of assessment in the learning process
. 의료 교육의 진정한 연속체를 촉진하는 메커니즘. CBME는 의학 교육과 실습의 각 단계에 대한 역량과 이정표를 정의함으로써 학부 의학 교육에서 레지던트 및 지속적인 전문 개발에 이르는 교육 프로그램의 수직 및 수평 통합을 촉진 할 수 있습니다.
. A mechanism to promote a true continuum of medical education. By defining competencies and milestones for each stage of medical education and practice, CBME can promote vertical and horizontal integration of training programs, from undergraduate medical education to residency to continuing professional development.
. 학습자 중심의 커리큘럼을 촉진시키는 방법. 보다 유연한 시간대에 경험을 제공하고 학습자의 발달에 초점을 맞춤으로써 CBME는 의사가 자신의 진료 속도로 진보하는 과정에 진정으로 참여하도록 도울 수 있습니다.
. A method to promote learner-centred curricula. By providing experiences within a more flexible time frame and focusing on the learner’s development, CBME can help physicians-in-training to become truly engaged in a process that progresses at their own rate of acquisition.
. 의학에서 시간 기반 자격 증명을 덜 강조하는 방법. 학부 교육에서 레지던트 교육으로의 전환은 전문적인 개발이나 역량 유지에 주로 예정되고 보편적으로 적용되는 기간보다는 기술의 증거에 기반을 둘 것입니다. 시간은 교육 자체가 아니라 학습 자원이됩니다.
. A way to de-emphasize time-based credentialing in medicine. Transitions from undergraduate education to residency education to continuing professional development or maintenance of competence would be based primarily on evidence of skills rather than on predetermined and universally applied time frames. Time then becomes a resource for education, not the marker of learning itself.
. 교육의 이식성. 역량 기반 접근 방식을 채택하면 의사, 의사 자격 증명 및 관할 지역에 걸쳐 교육 할 수있는 학점의 이동을 용이하게 할 수 있습니다.
. Potential for portability of training. The adoption of a competency-based approach can facilitate the movement of physicians, physician credentials, and credit for training across jurisdictions.
CBME도입의 잠재적 위험은..
Among the potential perils and challenges of CBME are:
. 환원주의의 위협. 역량을 정의하고 평가하는 문제를 해결하기위한 노력의 일환으로 일부는 관찰 가능한 가장 작은 단위로 나누어 학습자와 교사 모두를 좌절시키는 끝없는 nested 목록을 만듭니다.
. The threat of reductionism. In an effort to address the challenges of defining and assessing competencies, some have resorted to breaking them down into the smallest observable units of behaviour, creating endless nested lists of abilities that frustrate learners and teachers alike.
. 최소공약수를 강조하는 오류. CBME의 비평가들은 역량을 너무 포괄적으로 집중함으로써 학습자는 excellence가 아니라 milestone이 의학의 궁극적 인 목표라는 메시지를 인지할 수 있다고 지적했습니다.
. Promoting the lowest common denominator. Critics of CBME have pointed out that, by focusing on an array of competencies so comprehensively, learners may perceive a underlying message that milestones and not excellence are the ultimate pursuit in medicine.
. 물류적인 혼돈. 전 세계의 많은 교육 시스템이 시간 기반이라는 점을 감안할 때 (예 : 1 회전마다 정해진 주를 필요로 함)보다 역량 기반 시스템으로의 전환은 어떻게 이루어질 수 있습니까? 수천 명의 의료 연수생이 자신의 페이스대로 진행되는 일정을 어떻게 관리 할 수 있습니까 (예 : 순수 CBME 커리큘럼).
. Logistical chaos. Given that many educational systems around the world are time-based (e.g., requiring a precribed number of weeks for each rotation), how can a transition to a more competency-based system be accomplished? How can health care manage the scheduling of the thousands of medical trainees progressing at their own pace (in a pure CBME curriculum, for example)?
. 진정성의 상실. CBME 커리큘럼이 구현된다면, 그리고 교육 설계 영역 및 성과에 중점을 둔다면, 지난 2000 년 동안 의학을 잘 수행해 온 멘토링 및 immersion는 어떻게됩니까? 현재의 커리큘럼의 충실도fidelity와 강점을 잃지 않고 CBME를 사용할 수 있습니까?
. Loss of authenticity. If a CBME curriculum is implemented, along with its language of domains for instructional design and its focus on outcomes, what happens to the mentoring and immersion that has served medicine well for 2000 years? Can we use CBME without losing the fidelity and strengths of our current curricula?
. 유용성의 폭정. 순수한 CBME 접근법은 본질적으로 실용주의적이며, 정의 된 프로그램 결과에 직접적으로 기여하지 않는 내용과 경험을 없앨 것을 제안합니다. 이것은 직업의 일부 이해 관계자에게는 받아 들여지지 않을 수 있습니다.
. The tyranny of utility. A pure CBME approach is inherently utilitarian, and proposes cutting content and experiences that do not directly contribute to defined program outcomes. This can be unacceptable to some stakeholders in the profession.
. 새로운 교육 기술의 필요성. 더 큰 규모의 CBME 교육을 채택하려면 새로운 기술, 새로운 모듈 및 새로운 평가 도구가 실용적이고 효과적이어야합니다.
. The need for new educational technologies. Adopting teaching CBME on a larger scale would require new techniques, new modules, and new assessment tools to be practical and effective.
. (변하지 않으려는) 관성과 자원 부족. 많은 관할 구역에서 CBME는 접근 방식을 채택하기 위해서는 상당한 평가, 교육, 인프라 및 어쩌면 보강 된 인력에 대한 투자가 필요합니다.
. Inertia and lack of resources. For many jurisdictions, CBME adoping a approach would require significant assessment, investments in teaching, infrastructure and and perhaps even an augmented workforce.
Focusing on outcomes
In an era of greater public accountability, medical curricula must ensure that
all graduates are competent in all essential domains.
Emphasizing abilities
Medical curricula must emphasize the abilities to be acquired
De-emphasizing time-based training
Medical education can shift from a focus on the time a learner spends on an educational unit
to a focus on the learning actually attained.
Promoting greater learner-centredness
Medical education can promote greater learner engagement in training.
Med Teach. 2010;32(8):638-45. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2010.501190.
Competency-based medical education: theory to practice.
Source
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Canada. jfrank@rcpsc.edu
Abstract
Although competency-based medical education (CBME) has attracted renewed interest in recent years among educators and policy-makers in the health care professions, there is little agreement on many aspects of this paradigm. We convened a unique partnership - the International CBME Collaborators - to examine conceptual issues and current debates in CBME. We engaged in a multi-stage group process and held a consensus conference with the aim of reviewing the scholarly literature of competency-based medical education, identifying controversies in need of clarification, proposing definitions and concepts that could be useful to educators across many jurisdictions, and exploring future directions for this approach to preparing health professionals. In this paper, we describe the evolution of CBME from the outcomes movement in the 20th century to a renewed approach that, focused on accountability and curricular outcomes and organized around competencies, promotes greater learner-centredness and de-emphasizes time-based curricular design. In this paradigm, competence and related terms are redefined to emphasize their multi-dimensional, dynamic, developmental, and contextual nature. CBME therefore has significant implications for the planning of medical curricula and will have an important impact in reshaping the enterprise of medical education. We elaborate on this emerging CBME approach and its related concepts, and invite medical educators everywhere to enter into further dialogue about the promise and the potential perils of competency-based medical curricula for the 21st century.
- PMID:
- 20662574
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
'Articles (Medical Education) > 교육과정 개발&평가' 카테고리의 다른 글
역량바탕의학교육을 실현하기 위해서(Acad Med, 2015) (0) | 2018.07.18 |
---|---|
역량바탕교육과정 개발: 고통과 환호(Adv in Health Sci Educ, 2010) (0) | 2018.07.18 |
학부의학교육의 잠재교육과정: 의과대학생의 교육에 대한 인식의 질적연구(BMJ, 2004) (0) | 2018.07.02 |
보건전문직교육에서 습득적역량과 참여적역량: 국제보건 분야의 정의와 평가(Acad Med, 2017) (0) | 2018.06.27 |
의학교육에서 의료인문학 개발을 가로막는 여섯 개의 착각(Med Educ, 2017) (0) | 2018.05.29 |