전인 평가(holistic review) - 한 명의 지원자에서 한 명의 의료 전문가로.

(출처 : http://admissions.berkeley.edu/selectsstudents)

지난 수십년간, 각 의과대학은 AAMC의 지원을 받아 

의과대학 지원자를 평가하는 기준틀을 확장시키는 작업을 해왔다. 

이러한 노력의 결과로 "holistic review"라는 이름으로 2003년 미국 대법원의 배서를 받았다. 

"고도로 개인화된, 개개 지원자의 파일을 전인적으로 평가함으로써 

지원자가 다양한 교육적 환경 속에서 어떠한 기여를 할 것인가를 판단할 수 있다."

이러한 접근법 하에서 의과대학은 

"각 지원자가 나름의 강점, 성과, 특징을 가지고 눈에 띄는 기여를 할 수 있을 것인가를 평가한다"

학부GPA, MCAT점수, 봉사단체에서 리더십 역할 등과 같은 각각의 요소들은 

지원자의 전체적인 포트폴리오/지원자 정보의 맥락에서 평가된다.

2003년 holistic review를 도입한 BUSM은 구조화된 면접, 

교수와 스텦 교육, 데이터의 체계화된 분석 등을 활용하여 

인식하고 있는, 그리고 인지하지 못하고 있는 편견을 최소화시킨다.

이렇게 선발된 학생들은, 문화적/언어적/인종적/민족적으로 이전에 그렇게 선발되지 않은 학번보다 더 다양했으며,

 GPA와 MCAT점수를 기준으로 봤을 때, 학업적으로도 동등한 수준으로 준비되어 있었다.

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Modern medicine has been characterized by rapid and accelerating progress in biomedical sciences as the foundation for clinical practice. In 1910, the Flexner Report established these sciences as the core of medical education.1 

Admissions committees at U.S. medical schools have, for the past century, focused their attention largely on predictors of success in the foundational science curriculum, relying heavily on academic performance in the biologic and physical sciences and scores on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) in selecting applicants for medical school

Over the past decade, individual medical schools, supported by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), have been working to expand the frame of reference for evaluating applicants for medical school. These efforts have come together under the “holistic review” rubric endorsed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2003: “highly individualized, holistic review of each applicant’s file, giving serious consideration to all the ways an applicant might contribute to a diverse educational environment.” Under such an approach, a school “seriously considers each ‘applicant’s promise of making a notable contribution to the class by way of a particular strength, attainment, or characteristic — e.g., an unusual intellectual achievement, employment experience, nonacademic performance, or personal background.’”3

The AAMC Holistic Review Project has defined holistic review in medical school admissions as “a flexible, individualized way of assessing an applicant’s capabilities by which balanced consideration is given to experiences, attributes, and academic metrics . . . and, when considered in combination, how the individual might contribute value as a medical student and future physician.” 4

Each factor, be it the undergraduate grade-point average (GPA), the MCAT score, or the leadership roles assumed in volunteer service organizations, is evaluated in the context of the complete portfolio of information available about the applicant. That is, a given level of accomplishment for one applicant may look very different in the context of another applicant with a different life story.

In 2003, the Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) became one of a number of U.S. medical schools to launch a systematic transition from a traditional admissions model based largely on the review of academic metrics to a comprehensive, holistic review process. It was a slow and deliberative transition, but by 2008, changes in the BUSM admissions program were clear and substantial, and the effects were evident in the entering class of 2009.

The table shows one such tool: a list of desirable traits for physicians matched with the elements of applicant data that reveal or predict those traits. Direct measures of these traits are often unavailable, so proxies are used. Holistic review is an information-hungry process;

The BUSM program uses structured interviewing, rigorous training of participating faculty and staff, and systematic evaluation of data elements, all of which minimize the influence of conscious and unconscious bias. 

Since BUSM became engaged in holistic review, the profile of its entering class has changed dramatically 

Students are culturally, linguistically, racially, ethnically, and demographically more diverse than previous classes, and according to the standard measures of undergraduate GPA and MCAT score, they are at least as well prepared academically

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N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 25;368(17):1565-7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1300411. Epub 2013 Apr 10.

Holistic review--shaping the medical profession one applicant at a time.

Witzburg RA, Sondheimer HM.

Source

Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA.

PMID:

 

23574032

 

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 

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