호손 효과(Hawthorne effect)

1932. Workers in Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works plant in Cicero, Ill., perform better 

when lighting and other working conditions are tinkered with—regardless of what the change is.

 Researchers realize that the workers are simply responding positively to attention from managers. 

This becomes known as the “Hawthorne Effect.”

(출처 : http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/08/0809_timeline/source/5.htm)

호손 효과( - 效果, 영어: Hawthorne effect)는 근로자의 행동을 관찰함으로써 그들의 행동이 변하며 따라서 일시적으로 효율이 변화하는 현상을 말한다. 이 현상은 1924년에서 1932년 사이에 미국 일리노이 주 시서로(Cicero)에 있었던 '호손 웍스'(Hawthorne Works)라는 공장에서 수행된 일련의 실험에서 얻어진 결과에서 처음 관찰된데서 유래한다. 최근 들어서는 호손 효과의 의미는 확장되어 어떤 새로운 관심을 기울이거나 관심을 더 쏟는 것으로 대상의 사람들이 행동과 능률에 변화가 일어나는 현상을 말하는 것으로 변했다.

(출처 : http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/호손_효과)

The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied,^[1][2] not in response to any particular experimental manipulation.

History[edit]

The term was coined in 1950 by Henry A. Landsberger^[3] when analysing older experiments from 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works (a Western Electric factory outside Chicago). Hawthorne Works had commissioned a study to see if its workers would become more productive in higher or lower levels of light. The workers' productivity seemed to improve when changes were made and slumped when the study was concluded. It was suggested that the productivity gain occurred due to the impact of the motivational effect on the workers as a result of the interest being shown in them.

This effect was observed for minute increases in illumination. In these lighting studies, light intensity was altered to examine its effect on worker productivity. Most industrial/occupational psychology and organizational behavior textbooks refer to the illumination studies^{[citation needed]}. Only occasionally are the rest of the studies mentioned.^[4]

Although illumination research of workplace lighting formed the basis of the Hawthorne effect, other changes such as maintaining clean work stations, clearing floors of obstacles, and even relocating workstations resulted in increased productivity for short periods. Thus the term is used to identify any type of short-lived increase in productivity.^[3][5][6](생산성의 단기적 향상)

Evaluation of the Hawthorne effect continues in the present day.^[7][8][9]

(출처 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect)