프로페셔널리즘에 대한 도전: 사회적 책무성과 글로벌 환경 변화(Med Teach, 2015)

Challenges to professionalism: Social accountability and global environmental change

DAVID PEARSON1, SARAH WALPOLE1 & STEFI BARNA2

1Hull York Medical School, UK, 2Norwich Medical School, UK






배경: 변화, 개념, 도전

Background: changes, concepts and challenges 


전문직업성은 value-driven concept 으로서, 헌장/선언문/테스크포스에 따라서 다양하게 정의되나 본질적으로 의료전문직과 그들이 serve하는 사회와의 "사회적 계약"이다. 이러한 목적에서 우리는 프로페셔널리즘을 "대중이 의사에게 가지는 신뢰의 근간이 되는 가치/행동/관계의 집합"으로 정의하고자 한다.

Professionalism is a value-driven concept, variously defined in charters, statements and by task forces, but essentially offering a ‘‘social contract’’ between health profes-sionals and the society that they serve (Cruess & Cruess 2008;Cruess et al. 2010). For the purpose of this discussion, we will use the definition of professionalism as a ‘‘set of values, behaviours and relationships that underpin the trust the public has in doctors’’ (Royal College of Physicians 2005). 


의-프로페셔널리즘 문헌의 systematic review를 보면 프로페셔널리즘의 세 가지 주요 주제가 드러난다.

A systematic review of the medical professionalism litera-ture (Van de Camp et al. 2004) identified three key themes in professionalism: 


  • Interpersonal professionalism: 환자의 요구에 부응하는 것, 이타성, 봉사
    meeting patient demands,altruism and service delivery. 
  • Public professionalism: 책무성, 윤리 원칙과 자기조절에 대한 헌신submission
    accountability, submission to an ethical code and self-regulation. 
  • Intrapersonal professionalism: 표준을 유지하고 평생학습을 하는 것
    maintaining standards and life-long learning. 



사회적책무성Social accountability 은 의과대학에서 지난 30년간 중요한 개념이었다. 일련의 최근의 리뷰와 보고서들은 이 개념을 강화하기 위해서 의과대학에서는 명시적으로 그들의 사명mission이 그들이 serve하는 커뮤니티의 건강요구와 합치align할 것을 요구하고 있다.

Social accountability has been an important concept for medical schools for 30 years. A series of recent reviews and reports have strengthened the concept by recommending that the mission of medical schools should be explicitly aligned with the health needs of communities (and regions) they serve


의과대학의 GCSA를 보면 사회적 책무를 다하는 의과대학이란 아래와 같다.

The Global Consensus for Social Accountability of Medical Schools (2010) defines a socially accountable medical school as one which 

  • 사회의 건강요구와 건강 과제에 대응respond하는 것
    Responds to society’s health needs and challenges. 
  • 교육, 연구, 봉사service의 우선순위를 이러한 요구 해소에 따라 재정비reorient하는 것
    Reorients its education, research and service priorities to address these needs. 
  • 이 목표를 달성하기 위해 다른 이해관계자들과 협력work in partnership하는 것
    Works increasingly in partnership with other stakeholders to meet these goals.
  • 이 목표에 따른 수행과 그 영향력을 평가하는 것
    Assesses performance and impact against the above goals.


이 토론을 위하여 우리는 WHO의 '사회적 책무성'의 개념을 사용하고자 한다.

For the purpose of this discussion, we use the definition of social accountability used by the World Health Organisation since 1995

 

"의과대학이 그들의 교육/연구/봉사(진료)활동을 그들의 serve해야 하는 커뮤니티/지역/국가의 최우선 건강 문제health concerns에 따라 수행한다. 최우선 건강문제는 정부, 보건의료조직, 의료전문직, 대중이 함께 정해야 한다"

‘‘...the obligation (of medical schools) to direct their education, research and service activities towards addressing the priority health concerns of the community, region and the nation that they have a mandate to serve. The priority health concerns are to be identified jointly by governments, health-care organizations, health professionals and the public’’. (Boelen & Heck 1995).



WHO의 정의는 더욱 발전하여 아래의 세 가지를 포함하게 되었다.

The WHO definition has been further developed to include social responsibility, social responsiveness and social account- ability (Boelen & Woollard 2011):


  • Social responsibility: 최우선 건강문제와 과제를 인식하나, 교육/연구/진료가 반드시 여기에 부합alignment하지는 않음
    an awareness of society’s priority health needs and challenges but not necessarily an alignment of educational, research or service outcomes to these needs 
  • Social responsiveness: serve하는 커뮤니티의 건강요구를 적극적으로 밝혀내는 것, 이 요구에 부응하는 사명, 프로그램과 그 목표가 이 요구에 부응하기 위하여 align된 것.
    an active identification of health needs of the community served, a mission to address these needs and programmes and outcomes aligned to address these needs. 
  • Social accountability: (의과대학이) serve하는 커뮤니티와 적극적 파트너십을 맺고, 어떻게 의과대학이 (교육/연구/진료활동을 통해) 의료서비스와 그들의 serve하는 커뮤니티의 건강을 향상시킬 수 있을지에 초점을 두는 것
    an active partnership with the community served (including the public voice) and a focus on how the schools (through their education, and research service activities) improve the health services and health of the communities they serve.

우리의 환경 변화

We are increasingly..

  • informed about (through media and travel),
  • connected to (through trade and migration) and
  • reliant on (for food and other goods and services) other parts of the globe.

 

의사의 활동은 다른 사람에게 영향을 준다.

As doctors and as citizens, our actions affect other people:

  • their environment (through climate change),
  • working prospects and conditions (through the international labour market) and
  • living conditions (via the development of new technologies, products and services).


사회적 책무성Social accountability 과 프로페셔널리즘

Social accountability and professionalism


사회적 책무성에 관한 모든 프레임워크는 의과대학이 그들이 serve하는 커뮤니티의 요구에 부응할 수 있는 기술과 자질을 갖춘 의사(졸업생)을 양성할 것을 강조한다.

All social accountability frameworks emphasise the need for medical schools to produce graduates with skills and the disposition to meet the needs of the communities they serve.


The GCSA suggests 10 strategic directions,

 




Interpersonal professionalism: 

 

도덕적 계약의 기초

The element of profession- alism which includes altruism, integrity and meeting patient demand (Van de Camp et al. 2004) constitutes the basis of a moral contract between the medical profession and society (RCP 2005; Cruess & Cruess 2008, Cruess et al. 2010).


커뮤니티/환자/대중의 목소리가 의료전문직의 목소리와 조화co-ordinate되었을 때 의료와 교육이 강화될 수 있음.

Community, patient and public voices co-ordinated with the voices of health professionals can strengthen health delivery and education. In the most socially accountable schools, such voices will be clear, explicit and central to schools planning and governance.


사회적책무성을 위해서 의과대학이 커뮤니티에 초점을 두고 성과척도와 교육훈련방식을 결정할 때 유연성을 가져야하는 것처럼, 의사들도 점차 환자에 초점을 두고, 역할/기술/접근법에 유연성을 가져야 한다.

For doctors, professionalism increasingly implies patient focus and flexibility in roles, skills and approaches just as social accountability implies that medical schools must develop a community focus and flexibility in determining outcome measures and delivery of training.

 


Public professionalism: 

자율, 자기조절, 윤리에 대한 복종submission 등과 같은 프로페셔널리즘의 핵심 주제들이 사회적 책무성 개념에 의해 challange되고 있다. 두 가지 모두 사회적 요구와의 관계를 인정하나, 전문직으로서의 자율성과 사회적 책무성이 충돌하는 지점에 대해서 의견이 다르다.

Key professionalism themes such as autonomy, self- regulation and submission to an ethical code (Van de Camp et al. 2004) are challenged by social accountability concepts: both accept a relationship to societal needs, but disagree at the sites where professional autonomy and social accountability clash.


Intrapersonal professionalism: 

Life-long learning, maintain- ing standards and professional knowledge are central features of intrapersonal professionalism (Van de Camp et al. 2004).




환경의 변화, 사회적 책무성, 프로페셔널리즘

Environmental changes, social accountability and professionalism


GCSA는 새로운 사회적 변화에 대하여 반응responsiveness하는 것의 중요성을 강조한다. 우선 생태계를 보호하는 것이다.

The GCSA (2010) highlights the importance of responsiveness to new societal challenges. Foremost is the need to protect ecosystems which provide the foundations of life and health.


만약 사회적 책무성이 커뮤니티의 요구와 의과대학 사이의 alignment라면, 프로페셔널리즘은 사회적 요구와 개인 사이의 alignment에 대한 것이다. 사회적 책무성과 프로페셔널리즘에 대한 고려시에는 늘 글로벌 환경 변화로부터 오는 새로운 도전과제들을 고려해야 한다. 건강의 환경적 결정요인과 그것이 사회적 결정요인에 미치는 영향에 대해서 진솔한 토론을 할 수 있게 의과대학이 장려해야 한다. 미래의 의사는 그들이 serve할 커뮤니티에 닥친 사회적/환경적 과제를 해결할 수 있어야 하고, 생태계에 미치는 영향을 완화mitigate시킬 수 있게 도와야 한다.

If social accountability is best understood as an alignment of the medical school with the needs of the community served, professionalism can be seen as an individual’s alignment with society’s needs. Any consideration of social accountability and professionalism must consider new challenges arising from global environmental change. As a first step, medical schools should encourage honest discussions about environmental determinants of health (e.g. water, land, air, and climate change) and their effect on social determinants (e.g. social injustice, nutrition, conflict, and migration). Tomorrow’s doc- tors must understand and address the social and environmen- tal challenges faced by the communities they serve, helping them to mitigate their own impact on the ecosystem. In that way, they can help ensure that the health services,



Interpersonal professionalism...

의사는 그들이 제공하는 (의료)서비스의 지속가능성에 있어서 responsible, responsive and accountable 해야 한다. 지속가능한 의료시스템은 미래 의사들이 미래 세대의 건강요구를 충족시키기 위한 능력을 과하게 희생시키지 않으면서 현 세대의 건강요구를 충족시켜야 한다. 지속가능한 헬스케어 서비스는 다음이 필요하다.

requires doctors to be of the responsible, responsive and accountable in terms sustainability of services that they deliver. Sustainable health- care systems meet the health needs of the current generation without overly compromising the ability of tomorrow’s doctors to meet their generation’s health needs. A sustainable healthcare service

  • uses resources more efficiently,
  • focuses on prevention,
  • avoids low value procedures,
  • streamlines care to avoid waste,
  • chooses low-carbon technologies wherever possible and
  • fosters patient autonomy to manage their own care (Mortimer 2010).




Public professionalism... 

 

의사들은 ethical and professional codes에 충실하여야 한다. 

requires doctors to adhere to ethical and professional codes. The UK Royal College of Physicians (RCP 2010), the UK Academy of Medical Royal Colleges Nursing (Maughan & Gibbs 2014) and the American Association (2010) are among professional bodies highlighting that health professionals must exhibit environmental respon- sibility and environmental stewardship.


health advocate 이 된다는 것은 점차 우리를 유지sustain시켜주는 생태계ecosystems의 건강을 advocate한다는 것을 의미하게 될 것이다.

Being a health advocate will increasingly mean being an advocate for the health of the ecosystems which sustain us.


Intrapersonal professionalism: 

 

많은 의사들이 사회적, 환경적으로 책임감있는 삶을 살아가나, 대부분의 시민들과 같이 개인의 행동 변화를 넘어서서 사회 정의나 생태계의 건강을 advocate하는 의사는 거의 없다. 실제로 우리 대부분은 이 문제에 불균형하게 이 문제에 기여하고 있다.

Many doctors live socially and environmentally responsible lives but, as most citizens, few doctors go beyond individual behaviour change to advocate for social justice or ecosystem health. Indeed, most of us contribute disproportionately to the problem: we are..

  • high earners (contributing to social injustice),
  • high consumers (contributing to environmental degradation) and
  • high polluters (large carbon footprint, high water use, big cars, and relatively extravagant lifestyles).

Recommendations


핵심 교육과정

Core curriculum


세 개의 큰 틀에서의 학습목표가 제시된 바 있으며, GCSA에 매핑될 수 있다.

three overarch- ing learning objectives have been proposed (Thompson et al. 2014) which can be mapped to the strategic directions from the Global Consensus statement on social accountability (Table 1).

 

 


선택 교육과정

Optional or student-selected components



교육과정에서 SSC는 동기부여가 되어 있는 학생들이 기업가적 아이디어를 개발할 수 있게 해주며, (사회적 책무성이나 환경 변화에 대해서) 다른 학생과 전문직의 인식 변화도 일으킬 수 있다.

Student-selected components of the curriculum allow moti- vated students to develop entrepreneurial ideas and also shift the awareness of other students and professionals, including develop ideas of social accountability and environmental responsiveness (Lausten 2005).


교육과정에서 학생이 선택가능한 또 다른 영역인 일렉티브는 프로페셔널리즘 교육, 사회적 책무성, 환경적 책무성을 강화하고 통합할 수 있게 해준다. 의과대학은 일렉티브의 근원이 되는 윤리적으로, 환경적으로 타당sound한 원칙을 만들게끔 도울 수 있다. 또한 개인적으로는 크게 도움이 될지 몰라도, 환경적으로는 파괴적일 수도 있으며, 그 호스트 커뮤니티에 poorly integrated 되어 있을수도 있다. 의과대학은 학생들이 일렉티브의 영향(사회적, 윤리적, 환경적)을 성찰해보고, 프로페셔널리즘과 사회적 책무성을 일렉티브 보고서에서 다루게끔 권장해야 한다.

Medical electives are another student-selected area of the curriculum where schools can help reinforce and merge the teaching of professionalism, social accountability and envir- onmental responsiveness. Schools can help shape the prin- ciples underlying electives to ensure that they are ethically and environmentally sound (Johnson et al. 2012). While often of profound individual benefit, electives can be both environ- mentally destructive (not least through the carbon footprint of international travel) and locally poorly integrated into host communities. Medical schools should encourage students to reflect on their impact (socially, ethically and environmentally) and consider professionalism and social accountability along- side medical learning and personal development in electives reports.



Policy


The UK’s Sustainable Development Unit has produced a practical guide for sustainable meetings (SDU 2013) and Green Impact (NUS 2015) offers universities a framework to analyse and reduce their environmental impact, and the opportunity to involve staff and students in doing so.


Further debate


사회적 책무성과 환경적 책임의 개념이 규범적인normative한 것이므로, 다양한 의견은 도움이 되기도 하겠지만, 조금 불편할 수도 있다.

Because the concepts of social accountability and environ- mental responsibility are normative, a diversity of opinions is both useful (to promote discussion and engagement with new issues) and potentially uncomfortable.


각 의과대학이 이러한 토론을 장려할 책임이 있다.

We suggest that each medical school has a duty to encourage such debates among its staff, stakeholders and students.









For full Education for Sustainable Healthcare Priority Learning Outcomes, see
http://sustainablehealthcare.org.uk/sustainable-healthcare-education/priority-learning-outcomes



 2015 Sep;37(9):825-30. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2015.1044955. Epub 2015 Jun 1.

Challenges to professionalismSocial accountability and global environmental change.

Author information

  • 1a Hull York Medical School , UK .
  • 2b Norwich Medical School , UK.

Abstract

This article explores the concept of professionalism as it relates to social change and social accountability, and expands on them in the light ofglobal environmental changes. Professionalism in medicine includes concepts of altruism, service, professional knowledge, self-regulation and autonomy. Current dialogues around social accountability suggest that medical schools should re-orientate their strategy and desired education, research and service outcomes to the health needs of the communities they serve.This article addresses the following questions: • How do we reconcile ideas of medical professionalism with the demands of creating a more equal, just, sustainable and socially inclusive society? • What newchallenges do or will we face in relation to environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, ecosystem health and climate change? • How can medical schools best teach social and environmental responsiveness within a framework of professionalism? • How do medical schools ensure that tomorrow's doctors possess the knowledge, skills and attitude to adapt to the challenges they will face in future roles?We offer ideas about why and how medical educators can change, recommendations to strengthen the teaching of professionalism and social accountability and suggestions about the contribution of an emerging concept, that of "environmental accountability".

PMID:

 

26030377

 

[PubMed - in process]




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