의과대학 지원자의 '윤리성'을 평가하는 것이 가능할까?(Journal of Medical Ethics, 2001)

Is it possible to assess the “ethics” of medical school applicants?

Michael Lowe, Ian Kerridge, Miles Bore, Don Munro and David Powis Fiji School of Medicine, Fiji, and University of Newcastle, Australia






의과대학의 학생선발에서 지원자의 도덕성을 평가하는 어렵지만 중요한 일이다. 그러나 윤리지식, 도덕추론능력, 윤리적 신념 등을 평가하는 것은 부적절한데, 이런 것은 교육을 통해 개발될 수 있는 것이기 때문이다. 윤리적 이슈에 관한 태도와 윤리적 민감성은 인적특성에 대한 검사의 맥락에서 시험의 대상이 될 수도 있다. 모든 '윤리'시험은 입학에 적용되기 전에 validation이 필요하다. 

Questions surrounding the assessment of medical school applicants’ morality are difficult but they are nevertheless important for medical schools to consider. It is probably inappropriate to attempt to assess medical school applicants’ ethical knowledge, moral reasoning, or beliefs about ethical issues as these all may be developed during the process of education. Attitudes towards ethical issues and ethical sensitivity, however, might be tested in the context of testing for personality attributes. Before any “ethics” testing is introduced as part of screening for admission to medical school it would require validation.We suggest a number of ways in which this might be achieved. (Journal of Medical Ethics 2001;27:404–408)





UME나 GME가 장기적으로 윤리적 행동양상을 바꿀 수 있다는 근거가 부족한 상황에서, 비윤리적인 의사를 줄이는 길은 UME나 GME에 들어서기 이전에 사전에 차단하는 것이다. 

Given the paucity of evidence that undergraduate or postgraduate education may change or shape ethical practice in the long term, it seems that the only way to prevent people like Dr Shipman from continuing in the profession might lie in attempting to identify unethical doctors prior to entering medical school or during their undergraduate or postgraduate education, and excluding them from the profession before they cause harm.


윤리학은 우리가 어떻게 행동해야 하는가에 대한 학문이며, 비윤리적 의사란 하지 말아야 할 일을 하거나, 해야 하는 일을 하지 않는 의사이다. 

Ethics is the study of what we ought to do. An unethical doctor is therefore a doctor who does things that he or she ought not, or does not do the things that he or she should.


의사들을 윤리적으로 행동하게 만드는 요인에는 여러가지가 있다. 교육적 차원에서 이 요인들은 두 가지로 나뉘는데, 하나는 가르칠 수 있는 것이고 다른 하나는 타고나는 것이다.

There are a number of factors that enable doctors to act in an ethical way, including a desire or motivation to do so, a knowledge of ethical issues, the development of communication skills and other skills required for medical competence, a capacity for moral or ethical reasoning (we will use the terms “moral” and “ethical” synonymously), and an individual’s beliefs, attitudes, and sensitivity to ethical issues. Educationally, these factors appear to fall into two main groups—those that can be taught, and those that appear to be innate.


학생의 윤리적 추론능력을 평가해야하는가에 대한 또 다른 문제는, 윤리적 추론이 다른 종류의 추론과 유사해서 그 원리들을 도덕적인 문제에 적용시키기만 하면 되는 것이다. 다른 시험을 잘 보는 학생이 이 시험도 잘 볼 가능성이 높다.

A different problem occurs with the question as to whether we should examine students’ ethical reasoning. In many ways, ethical reasoning is like any other form of reasoning, it is simply the application of logic to matters of morality. Students who are selected for medicine on the basis of other tests of logic, are likely to do well at tests of moral reasoning as well.


그러나 '도덕적 추론'이라는 용어는 조금 다른 의미를 갖는데, 단순히 그 논리적 절차 뿐만 아니라 콜버그의 도덕성 발달이론에서 언급되는 것과 마찬가지로 윤리적 성숙, 윤리적 발달 과정이라는 것이다. 콜버그는 여섯 개의 단계를 거쳐 도덕성 발달이 이뤄진다고 결론지었다. 이 이론을 바탕으로 MJI, DIT, SMR 등의 도덕적 추론의 척도가 개발되었다.

However, the term “moral reasoning” also has a slightly different meaning, referring not only to a process of logic, but also to a process of ethical maturation or development, such as in Kohlberg’s theory of ethical development. Kohlberg came to the conclusion that moral development occurred in six defined stages, leading from a state of moral immaturity in which ethical decisions were taken ad hoc, to higher levels of moral development which involved individuals acting objectively, rationally, and impartially, following universal ethical principles of a higher morality. His theory has been studied extensively, and it underlies the development of measures of moral reasoning such as the Moral Judgement Interview (MJI),3 The Defining Issues Test (DIT),4 and the Sociomoral Reflection Measure (SRM).5


콜버그의 이론은 나이를 먹을 수록 도덕적으로 추론하는 인지능력이 상위 단계로 올라간다고 보았으나, 나이는 도덕성 발달의 유일한 변인이 아니다. 도덕적 의사결정을 내려야 하는 상황을 다양하게 경험해볼수록 도덕 추론 점수도 높아지는 것으로 연구되고 있다. 또한 일부 연구들은 교육을 통해서 도덕추론점수를 높일 수 있음을 밝힌 바 있다.

Kohlberg’s theory suggests that as the individual ages, the cognitive ability to reason morally moves through a hierarchy of invariant stages.3 Age, however, is not the only variable in moral development, as studies suggest that the opportunity to experience an enriched moral decision making environment may also influence moral reasoning scores.6 Self, Baldwin, and Wolinsky provided an example of this effect when they demonstrated that medical students had a highly significant gain in the adoption of principled reasoning as measured by the DIT after a course in medical ethics.7 This has also been observed in other longitudinal studies,8 and in a meta-analysis by Schlaefli, Rest, and Thomas. 9 These findings support the notion that educational experience can increase moral reasoning scores.


그러나 도덕적 추론이 도덕적 의사결정으로 연결되는지는 불분명한데, 이는 도덕적 추론능력에 대한 검사가 도덕적 의사결정을 내리고 난 뒤의 합리화 과정에 근거하기 때문이다. 실제로 콜버그의 이론도 도덕적 추론에 대해서 도덕적 추론이 도덕적 의사결정과는 다르다고 전제하고 있다.

However, it is unclear how moral reasoning is related to moral decision making, since tests of moral reasoning tend to be based upon the justifications produced by an individual after a moral decision has been made. Indeed, Kohlberg’s theoretical premise in developing his theory of moral reasoning was that reasoning is independent of moral decisions made.


따라서 도덕적 추론이 교육적 경험에 따라서 바뀔 수 있는 것이고, 도덕적 의사결정과 무관할 수 있기 때문에 도덕적 추론에 대한 척도는 의과대학 학생선발에 활용하기는 부적절하다.

It appears therefore that, since moral reasoning has been shown to change with the educative experience and may be unrelated to the moral decisions individuals make, measures of moral reasoning are unlikely to be suitable for inclusion in the selection of applicants for medical education.




윤리적 신념, 태도, 민감성 Ethical beliefs, attitudes and sensitivity


지원자의 윤리적 신념을 검사하는 것은 기술적으로 어렵지는 않으며, 어떤 윤리적 신념은 일부 의료환경에서는 진료를 어렵게 만들기도 한다. (여성의 할례, 동물에 대한 학대)

It would not be technically difficult to examine applicants for particular ethical beliefs, and there are some ethical beliefs that may make medicine difficult to practise in some environments. For example, applicants from some ethnic groups may believe that it is reasonable to perform female circumcisions despite this being widely considered in Western society to be immoral; some applicants may be willing to sabotage animal experiments out of interest for the animals; yet others may believe it is a valuable aim of humanity to pharmacologically enhance sportsmen and women so they can perform better.


그러나 우리는 나중에 교육을 통해서 개발되거나 바뀔 수 있는 윤리적 신념때문에 지원자들이 의과대학에 불합격하는 것을 바라지 않는다. 신입생에게는 윤리적 문제에 대한 단순한 신념 정도만 있으면 되고, 그 지평을 넓혀주는 것이 의학교육의 역할이다.

However,we do not believe applicants to medical school should be rejected because of their individual ethical beliefs, as ideas can be developed or discarded by individuals throughout their medical training and later careers. Unsophisticated beliefs about ethical subjects should be expected in junior students, and one role of medical education is to broaden their experience and knowledge-base.


의과대학 지원자에 대하여 사례를 통한 윤리적 민감성을 평가하고, 과제를 줄 수도 있다. 예컨대 예상가능한 윤리적 이슈라든가, 다양한 행동에 대한 이유를 합리화하는 것 등이다.

It may be possible to test for ethical sensitivity by providing applicants with a vignette and giving them a task to perform, such as coming up with a list of ethical issues that might arise, or justifying the various courses of action.


비윤리적 의사의 모습은 - 자기애적 자기중심적이고, 자신의 이익밖에 고려하지 않는 - 의료전문직을 아는 사람이라면 누구나 친숙한 모습일 것이다. 

This picture of unethical doctors—as narcissistic egotists, unconcerned with anyone’s interests but their own—is familiar to anyone involved with the medical profession or its representations in the popular press; and these descriptions match the profiles described in some other studies of unethical doctors.




윤리학 vs 정신과학적 진단 Ethics versus psychiatric diagnosis

비윤리적 행동과 관련될 수 있는 다양한 인적특성을 다뤘지만, 극단적 경우에는 이런 인적특성이 인격장애처럼 보일 수 있다. 

We have described a number of personality characteristics that may be associated with unethical behaviour. In the extreme cases, some of these personality traits may even be described as personality disorders, although clearly this does not apply in all cases.


일부 연구자들은 'bad'와 'mad'사이의 관계를 지적한 바도 있지만, 이 두 가지 영역이 가능한 서로 멀리 떨어져있어야 한다고 느끼는 듯 하다. 왜냐하면 정신과학적 진단은 도덕적 판단과 구분되어야 하기 때문이다. 그러나 정신과학적 진단은, 특히 인격장애에 있어서는 도덕적 판단의 범위까지 넘어오기도 하고 겹치는 부분이 있기도 하다.

Several authors have commented upon the links between the ethical domain (“bad”) and the psychiatric domain (“mad”).13 Many commentators feel these domains should be kept apart as far as possible, and that psychiatric diagnosis should be kept separate from moral judgments.14 Yet psychiatry has always had a tendency to move beyond its brief, and moral judgments and psychiatric diagnoses often appear to overlap, particularly in the area of personality disorders.


지원자의 인격장애를 검사하려면, 대부분의 의과대학이 높은 학업지능을 기반으로 학생을 선발하는 것을 인식할 필요가 있다. 반사회적 성향과 싸이코패쓰에 관한 연구를 보면 이러한 사람들을 "정상인, 심지어는 매력적, 매혹적인 외형의 사람들과 구분하는 것"이 얼마나 어려운지를 보여준다. "반사회적 인격장애를 가진 사람들은 진실을 말하지 않으며, 일반적 도덕성 잣대에 따라서 임무를 수행한다."

If we are going to test applicants for personality disorders, it is important to realise that most medical school applicants have already been picked on the basis of a high level of academic intelligence. The literature on antisocial personalities and psychopaths emphasises how difficult it is to diagnose this condition as people with these conditions may present with “a normal and even a charming and ingratiating exterior . . .. Antisocial personality disorder patients do not tell the truth and cannot be trusted to carry out any task or adhere to any conventional standard of morality.”15


자기애적 성향은 그 반대인데, 잡아내기가 그다지 어렵지 않다. 그리고 이러한 사람을 진단하는 많은 도구가 있다. 그러나 이렇나 사람들을 걸러내는 것의 문제는 비록 이들이 함께 일하기에 그다지 즐거운 사람들은 아니지만, 어느 분야의 선구자에게 이러한 특징들이 심심찮게 발견된다는 사실이다. 만약 자기애적 성향을 가진 사람들을 다 걸러낸다면, 모든 사람이 꺼려하는 분야에서도 자신의 신념을 고집해서 새로운 아이디어를 시도할 줄 아는 소중한 미래의 지도자를 잃는것은 아닐까?

The narcissistic personality on the other hand, appears to be relatively easy to trap in his or her own conceits, and there are a number of instruments used for diagnosing this condition. The difficulty with excluding people with this type of personality is that, although it is widely agreed that they are unpleasant to work with, we are struck by the prevalence of narcissistic traits among leaders of the profession. If we reject the narcissists, do we lose valuable future leaders who through their own egotism try new ideas and procedures that others do not dare?



결론 Conclusion

Medical school entry is based upon a number of factors. Cut off marks for academic performance are perhaps the most popular methods of excluding potential applicants, although there is no evidence to justify the extremely high marks required for many courses. Courses are now including tests of logical reasoning, tests of lateral thinking, and testing that is known to discriminate in favour of certain groups (eg women) to the disadvantage of others.


여태껏 의과대학 지원자의 도덕적, 윤리적 특성 명확히 드러내는 검사는 없었다. 

We are not aware of any medical schools which test explicitly for moral or ethical attributes of applicants for medicine, although these topics are frequently covered in interviews. The reason for this is probably concerns about the methodological issues involved in defining and testing ethical attributes, and fear of introducing new biases and new forms of unjustified discrimination into the selection process. Indeed, if we are to develop measures for assessing applicants’ attitudes and sensitivity to moral issues, it is important that these should not be based purely on theoretical structures, but that they also be validated empirically. The main difficulty with validation is how to define unethical behaviour well enough to test any measures developed.




 2001 Dec;27(6):404-8.

Is it possible to assess the "ethics" of medical school applicants?

Author information

  • 1Fiji School of Medicine, Fiji, and University of Newcastle, Australia.

Abstract

Questions surrounding the assessment of medical school applicants' morality are difficult but they are nevertheless important for medical schools to consider. It is probably inappropriate to attempt to assess medical school applicants' ethical knowledge, moral reasoning, or beliefs about ethical issues as these all may be developed during the process of education. Attitudes towards ethical issues and ethical sensitivity, however, might be tested in the context of testing for personality attributes. Before any "ethics" testing is introduced as part of screening for admission to medicalschool it would require validation. We suggest a number of ways in which this might be achieved.

PMID:
 
11731605
 
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 
PMCID:
 
PMC1733480
 

Free PMC Article

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