펠로우십 교육을 받은 의학교육자집단 양성: FDP에 대한 프로그램책임자 입장의 관점(Acad Med, 2016)

Creating a Cadre of Fellowship-Trained Medical Educators: A Qualitative Study of Faculty Development Program Leaders’ Perspectives and Advice

Wendy C. Coates, MD, Daniel P. Runde, MD, Lalena M. Yarris, MD, MCR, Steven Rougas, MD, MS, Todd A. Guth, MD, Sally A. Santen, MD, PhD, Jessica Miller, MD, and Jaime Jordan, MD




 

현재 레지던트 졸업생들이 first academic appointment 전에 교수로서 역량을 갖추기 위해 표준화 된 대학원 교육 모델 (각 전문 분야별로 제공되는 교육 모델)은 존재하지 않습니다. 새로운 교육 방식과 이니셔티브가 확장되고 발전함에 따라 엄격한 교육의 필요성이 커졌습니다. 예를 들어, 교육은 더 이상 정보를 전달하는 주요 수단인 대규모 그룹 강의에 의존하지 않으며, 팀 기반 학습, 문제 기반 학습, 시뮬레이션 및 소셜 미디어 지원 학습과 같은 혁신적이고 상호 작용적인 학습 전략으로 옮겨가고 있다.

Currently, no standard postgraduate training model (like those available for each medical specialty) exists for residency graduates to attain competency as faculty members before their first academic appointment. The need for rigorous training has grown as novel educational modalities and initiatives have expanded and evolved. For example, reliance on large-group lectures as the primary means of delivering information has waned in favor of innovative and interactive learning strategies, such as team-based learning, problem-based learning, simulation, and social-media-enabled learning.1–3


의학 교육 현장과 연구분야로 들어오는 교수진에게 필요한 다양한 준비 과정을 위해 몇몇 의과 대학은 자체 집중적 인 교수 개발 프로그램을 수립했습니다 .6-12 이러한 종단 프로그램은 다양한 분야의 다양한 동기 부여를 목적으로 하며, 하나의 교육 기관 내에서 훈련 된 교육리더그룹cadre of education leader를 양성한다.

To address the variable preparation of incoming faculty in medical education practice and scholarship, several medical schools have established their own intensive faculty development programs.6–12 These longitudinal programs serve a diverse group of existing motivated faculty from various disciplines, and they often create within a single institution a trained cadre of education leaders.


Searle 등은 FD 리더에게 커리큘럼에 대해 묻는 설문 조사 결과를 발표했습니다. 프로그램은 공통된 요소를 공유하지만 의학 교육분야의 커리어를 추구pursue하는 교수를 대상으로하는 표준화 된 커리큘럼은 없습니다 .15 프로그램 길이는 다양하며 교사개발부터 교육연구 교육에 이르기까지 다양합니다. 많은 기관들은이 FD프로그램을 "의학 교육 펠로우십"이라고 부릅니다.

Searle and colleagues14 published the results of a survey querying faculty development leaders about their curricula. Although programs share common elements, there is no standardized curriculum for graduates pursuing a career in medical education.15 Program length varies, and the focus of such programs ranges from teacher development to deliberate training in education scholarship. Many institutions refer to these faculty development programs as “medical education fellowships.”


그러한 "펠로우십"은 과거에 스승과 제자 간의 대화를 통해 배웠던 훈련을 간소화streamline한다. 교육 과정 목표 이외에,이 프로그램은 미래 지도자를 창출하고 교육자 공동체를 구축하기 위해 노력합니다 .6-8,15,16

Such “fellowships” streamline training that may have been taught through a mentor– protégé dyad in the past. In addition to the curricular objectives, these programs strive to create future leaders and build a community of educators.6–8,15,16


 



교육 전문 리더십 개발에 PG Training모델 적용

Applying the Medical Specialty Postgraduate Training Model to Educational Leadership Development


전공의 교육 모델에서 분과를 전공specialize하려는 레지던트 졸업생은 교직원 임명 전에 직무를 수행하는 데 필요한 고급 스킬을 습득하기 위해 헌신적인dedicated 펠로우쉽을 완료해야합니다 (예 : 내과의 레지던트 졸업생이 심장 내과 펠로우십을 마치고 심장 전문의가 됨). 대조적으로, 대부분의 academic faculty는 경력을 쌓기 전에 의학교육 테크닉에 대한 공식 교육을받지 않습니다. 교육에 필요한 역량은 "직무 중on the job"에 또는 임용academic appointment후 FD프로그램에 참여함으로써 획득됩니다.

In the medical specialties training model, residency graduates who wish to specialize are required to complete a dedicated fellowship to acquire the advanced skills necessary to perform job tasks prior to their faculty appointment (e.g., an internal medicine residency graduate completes a cardiology fellowship to become a cardiologist). In contrast, most academic faculty do not undergo formal training in medical education techniques prior to beginning their careers. Rather, competency is attained “on the job” or by means of participation in a faculty development program after the academic appointment.

 

 

PG 의학교육 펠로우쉽의 개념은 1970 년대에 가정의학과에서 시작되어 교육자 공동체에 대한 필요성을 인식하고 이를 해결하려는 욕구에서 비롯되었습니다 .17 마찬가지로, 응급 의학 (EM) 교육 지도자는 2012 년 Academic 교육 학자를위한 최적의 교육을 논의하고 유사한 관심사, 기술 및 전문 지식을 갖춘 광범위한 교수진 커뮤니티를 육성하기위한 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on Education Research에 모였다. Lin과 동료들은 이러한 목표를 달성하는 최선의 방법을 알리기 위해 심층적 인 요구 평가가 필요하다고 결론 지었다. 최초 교수임용 전에 의학 교육에 대한 훈련을 제공하는 포스트 레지던트 의학 교육 펠로우십 모델을 제안하였다.

The concept of a postgraduate medical education fellowship began within the specialty of family medicine in the 1970s and stemmed from a desire to address a perceived need for a community of educators.17 Similarly, emergency medicine (EM) education leaders convened in 2012 at the Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on Education Research, to discuss optimal training for education scholars and to foster the development of a broad community of faculty with similar interests, skills, and expertise. Lin and colleagues18 concluded that an in-depth needs assessment was necessary to inform how to best accomplish this goal. A postresidency medical education fellowship model that provides training in medical education before the first faculty appointment was proposed.19

 

연구에 따르면 의학교육에 대한 early training은 acadmic medicine에서의 경력에 ​​대한 욕구를 불러 일으키고 21) 질 낮은 교수법 기술을 배우지 못하게 하는 효과가 있 .22) Prefaculty fellowship training의 영향은 일반적으로 새로운 기술이나 전략에 개방적 초보자에게 의미가 있다.

Research indicates that early training in medical education inspires a desire for a career in academic medicine21 and precludes the development and reinforcement of poor teaching techniques.22 The impact of prefaculty fellowship training may be especially meaningful for novice learners who are typically open to new techniques or strategies.23



방법

Method


연구 대상, 세팅, 윤리

Study population, setting, and ethical approval





연구 프로토콜

Study protocol


We conducted this as a prospective qualitative study, using semistructured telephone interviews, in November 2013. We identified potential participants through an Internet-based search and/or personal knowledge of program leaders.


To render our findings as generalizable as possible, we used purposeful sampling. We wanted not only to ensure representation of individuals who would have extensive knowledge of key elements of the research question but also to gather, if possible, the view of those who might be outliers or have dissenting opinions. To achieve this diversity of expertise and opinion, we considered geographic diversity, institutional funding (private versus state/governmental), and length/focus of program.


Participation was voluntary, and we did not offer participants any incentives. One member of our study team (D.P.R., graduate of a medical education fellowship program) conducted semistructured telephone interviews lasting approximately one hour. We accomplished member checking in real time: The interviewer frequently restated participants’ responses and sought to ensure that he understood their intended meaning. The interviews were recorded with the participants’ permission and transcribed verbatim by a member of the study team (J.M.). Both D.P.R and J.M. had prior acquaintance with one participant (from their home institution).



Instrument


We based the scripting of the questions on recommendations of a subcommittee of scholars with expertise on training educational leaders. We designed the questions, the content of which was specialty independent, using cognitive interviewing methods.26 Semistructured questions sought discrete information but enabled the respondent to offer additional information. Other questions were open-ended, designed both to promote reflective analysis of the program’s impact on the fellows themselves and the institution, and to inspire a vision of the “ideal” fellowship. Finally, we elicited advice for those seeking to create a new program. We read the script aloud to volunteers (i.e., senior educators who lead residency, fellowship, or continuing medical education programs) to assess for response process, clarity, and comprehension. On the basis of their responses, we made minor modifications, including using terminology uniformly, transforming complex questions into shorter segments that allowed a response to each component before offering the next query, and correcting minor grammatical errors. (See Appendix 1 for the interview script.) 



Data analysis


We performed a qualitative analysis using a thematic approach and an interpretivist/constructivist paradigm that sought to understand the views, perceptions, and experiences of faculty development program directors.27 Two investigators (W.C.C., founder of a medical education fellowship program that has graduated fellows since 1996; J.J., graduate of such a medical education fellowship) independently coded the deidentified, transcribed interview data. They examined the data line by line, identifying recurring concepts and assigning codes that were further refined using the constant comparative method.28 They resolved discrepancies through an in-depth discussion. Through consensus, they established the coding scheme which then was applied to all transcripts. A third independent analyst (D.P.R.) who was not involved in the development of the coding scheme then used it to code each interview transcript and achieved 86.3% agreement with the initial two analysts. The three analysts negotiated a final coding scheme through consensus prior to data analysis. We achieved saturation for thematic content after reviewing four transcripts, but we analyzed and reported the data from all interview transcripts.



결과

Results


일반적인 결과

General outcomes

 

 


14 개 프로그램이 포함 기준을 충족했습니다. 우리는 장기간의 교수 개발 프로그램 (범위 = 6-33 세, 평균 = 15.38 년)을 이끄는 8 명의 프로그램 디렉터를 대상으로 인터뷰했습니다. 8 개 (목록 1 참조)는 지리적으로 미국을 대표했으며 공립 / 사립 소유권 측면에서 미국 의대를 대표했습니다.

Fourteen programs met our inclusion criteria. We interviewed a purposive sample of eight program directors who headed long-standing faculty development programs (range = 6–33 years; mean = 15.38 years). The eight (see List 1) were representative of the United States geographically and of U.S. MD-granting medical schools in terms of public/private ownership.

 

 

프로그램 기간은 10 개월에서 2 년 사이였다. 4 개의 프로그램은 2 년의 길이였습니다. 나머지 절반은 1 년 이하였다. 프로그램 당 평균 졸업생 수는 150 명 (60-300 명)입니다. 프로그램은 매년 평균 17 명의 휄로우 (3-25명)를 admit했습니다. 5 개의 프로그램은 오직 교수만을 수용했습니다; 2 명은 코호트, 임상 동료, 간호사 종사자, 또는 불특정 박사 후보자의 10 %에서 15 %로 받아 들여진다. 나머지 프로그램은 매년 코호트 선정을 평가했다.

Program length ranged from 10 months to 2 years. Four programs were 2 years in length; the remaining half were 1 year or less. The average number of total graduates per program was 150 (range 60–300). Programs admitted an average of 17 fellows each year (range 3–25). Five programs accepted only faculty; two accepted, as 10% to 15% of their cohort, clinical fellows, nurse practitioners, or unspecified PhD candidates; and the remaining program evaluated its cohort selection on a yearly basis.

 

프로그램 리더는 커리큘럼재정 구조를 설명하고 프로그램의 가치를 평가하며 새로운 의학교육 펠로우십을 창안하려는 교육자에게 지침을 제공했습니다. 프로그램의 구조와 운영은 독특했지만, 모든 리더들은 특히 리더십 직책을 맡은 졸업생 (예 : 사이트 디렉터, 부서장, 레지던트 프로그램 리더 및 교육 학장)의 prevalence과 관련하여 긍정적 인 결과를보고했습니다.
Program leaders described their curriculum and fiscal structure, appraised the value of their programs, and offered guidance to educators seeking to create new medical education fellowships. While the structure and operation of the programs were unique, all directors reported positive outcomes, especially regarding the prevalence of graduates in leadership positions (e.g., site directors, department chairs, residency program leaders, and deans of education).


 


교육과정 요소

Curricular elements


성인 교육 이론, 교습 기술 (교훈 및 머리맡), 의학 교육에서의 기술 사용, 응용 교육 연구 방법론 및 행정 리더십 기술 개발 (표 1 참조)을 포함하여 기본 교육 과정은 주로 개별 교육 기관의 교훈 프로그램을 통해 이루어졌습니다. . 일부 프로그램은 다른 기관의 교수 개발 프로그램 및 공식 외부 프로그램 (예 : 미국 의과 대학 (AAMC)이 운영하는 의학 교육 연구 인증 프로그램 [MERC])과 협력했습니다 .29

Basic curricular offerings, taught mostly through didactic programs within individual institutions, included material on adult learning theory, teaching techniques (didactic and bedside), use of technology in medical education, applied education research methodology, and administrative leadership skill development (see Table 1). Some programs collaborated with other institutional faculty development programs and formal external programs (e.g., the Medical Education Research Certificate Program [MERC] run by the Association of American Medical Colleges [AAMC]).29



재정

Funding



8 개 프로그램 중 7 개 프로그램은 기관으로부터 부분적인 자금을 지원 받았다. 그러나 이 7 개 기관 중 3 개 기관은 펠로우 본인이나 부서academic department의 투자를 요구했습니다. 8 개 프로그램 모두에서 의학교육FD펠로우십 (예 : 물리적 공간 요구 사항, 지도자, 행정 지원 직원, 컴퓨터 지원, 도서관 자원)의 간접비 중 일부는 학장 사무실에서 발생한 일반 비용으로 접어 들었다fold into.

Seven of the eight programs received partial funding from their institutions; however, of these seven, three institutions required an investment by the fellow or his/her academic department. All eight programs reported that at least some of the overhead costs of the faculty development medical education fellowship (e.g., physical space requirements, leaders, administrative support staff, computer support, library resources) were folded into the general expenses incurred by their deans’ offices.


3 명의 프로그램 책임자는 의대에 대한 보조금이나 프로그램에 대한 특정 보조금을 사용할 수 있다고보고했습니다.

Three program directors reported that grants to the medical school or specific grants for the program were available.

 

그러나 한 프로그램 지도자는 외부 기금에의 의존이 프로그램을 정기적으로 기금으로 모으는 능력을 위태롭게 할 수도 있다고 경고했습니다.

However, one program leader cautioned that reliance on extramural funding might jeopardize the ability to fund the program regularly.

 

한 프로그램은 교수진의 과department가 지불하는 약간의 학비tuition으로 비용을 상쇄합니다.

One program relies on the faculty member’s department to offset the cost with a modest tuition payment.

 

참여교수 각각에게 부서는 소액인 1,500 달러를 제공한다. [This]는 우리 부서의 [Department of Medical Education 's] 비용을 지원하는 데 도움이됩니다.

There’s a small amount, $1,500, that the departments provide for each of the faculty [members who] are participating. [This] helps underwrite our department’s [Department of Medical Education’s] cost.

 

또 다른 학교는 리더 및 코스 코디네이터의 급여 지원을 포함하여 의학교육 펠로우쉽 프로그램과 관련된 비용을 충당하기 위해 참가비용을 부과합니다.

Another school charges for participation to cover costs related to the faculty development medical education fellowship program, including salary support for the leaders and the course coordinator.

 

사람들은 연간 4 천 달러를 지불합니다. 내 생각에 [그들은] 학과장에게 도와줄것인지 말 것인지를 물어볼 것입니다. 어떤 사람들은 그들의 학과장이 학비를 지불하기를 거절했지만 너무나 참여하고 싶었기 때문에 사비로 돈을 지불했습니다.

People pay $4,000 per year. I think [they] make the request to the chairs [who] will support them or not. Some people have paid their own way if their chair has refused to pay their tuition but they really want to come.


 




보호된 시간

Protected time

 

Director들은 의학교육펠로우쉽과 펠로우 자신은 업무 관련 책임과 펠로우쉽에 필요한 시간의 균형을 맞추어야한다고보고했다. 프로그램 디렉터는, 특히 의사가 아닌 디렉터는nonphysicians, 의학 교육 펠로우쉽에서의 교육이 본질적 의무라고 생각한다고 보고했다. 두 명의 프로그램이 임상의에 의해 co-directed 되었으며, 두 경우 모두 임상의는 펠로우십의 의무와 상응하는 임상 적 의무로부터 보호 된 시간을 보전하기 위해 학장의 재정 지원을 받았다. 하나는 15 %의 급여 지원을 받았고 다른 하나는 50 %를 받았다.

Directors reported that both the faculty of the medical education fellowships and the fellows themselves must balance job-related responsibilities with the time commitment needed for the fellowship. Program directors, especially nonphysicians, reported that they consider teaching in the medical education fellowship to be an inherent job duty. Two programs were each codirected by a practicing clinician, and in both cases the clinician received financial support from his or her dean’s office to compensate for protected time from clinical duties commensurate with his or her fellowship obligation; one received 15% salary support, and the other received 50%.

 

보호받는 시간과 재정 지원은 펠로우에게 안정적으로 제공되는 것이 아니었다. 5 개의 프로그램이 규정되어 있지만, 학습자 학과장과의 공식 협약 - "일상적인 책임의 일정 비율에서 석방되어야 한다"라는 협약 - 을 준수하는 것은 종종 suboptimal 했습니다. 협약을 맺은 5 명 중 2 명은 10 %의 헌신을 요구했고, 각각은 20 %와 25 %의 보호 기간을 요구했고, 하나는 펠로우십 프로그램에 종사하면서 의무가 "축소"되어야한다고 규정했습니다. 두 가지 프로그램은 공식적인 합의가 없었으며 나머지 프로그램은 합의가 이루어 졌는지 여부를 명시하지 않았습니다.

Protected time and financial support were less reliable for the fellows. While five programs stipulated, in a formal agreement with learners’ department chairs, that fellows were to be released from some percentage of their usual responsibilities, compliance with this policy was often suboptimal. Of the five with agreements, two required a 10% commitment, one each mandated 20% and 25% protected time, and one stipulated that duties should be “reduced” while engaged in the fellowship program. Two programs had no formal agreement, and the remaining program did not specify if an agreement existed.

 

 

앞서 언급했듯이, 공식적인 합의에도 불구하고 프로그램 디렉터들은 합의 사항이 일관되게 준수되었는지에 의문을 제기했다
As mentioned, despite formal arrangements, program leaders doubted that the agreements were followed uniformly.



 
의학교육연구 트레이닝

Training in education research


대부분의 프로그램 (n = 7)은 교육스칼라십과 관련된 교육을 선택 또는 필수 구성 요소로 제공합니다. 두 가지 프로그램 (각각 길이가 1 년 미만)은 연구 방법론과 문학에 대한 비판적인 검토를 교과 과정 요소로 다루었지만 프로젝트는 필요하지 않았습니다. 세 가지 프로그램이 준수하는 가장 보편적 인 연구 훈련 방법은 (자격을 갖춘 local 교수진이 소속 된 기관에서 또는 외부 회의에서) AAMC의 MERC 커리큘럼을 따르는 것입니다 .- .

Most programs (n = 7) offered—either as an elective or as a required component— training related to educational scholarship. Two programs (each less than one year in length) addressed research methodology and critical review of the literature as a curricular element, but did not require a project. The most common method of research training, adhered to by three programs, was to follow the AAMC’s MERC curriculum29—either at the home institution by local qualified faculty or at an external meeting.



의학교육 펠로우십의 가치

The value of a medical education fellowship


우리는 감독들에게 왜 의학 교육에 중점을 둔 교수 개발 프로그램이 가치가 있다고 생각 하느냐고 물었고, 그들은 동지애의 가장 중요한 이익으로서 같은 생각을 가진 학자scholar 공동체 창설을 만장일치로 인용했다.

We asked directors why they thought a faculty development program focusing on medical education was worthwhile, and they unanimously cited the creation of a community of like-minded scholars as the most important benefit of the fellowship.


[휄로우들]은 서로 연결되어 있습니다 ... 그들이 하고있는 사회 및 학술 네트워킹과 새로운 기술을 시도하고 가르치고 연구하는 방법을 성찰할 수 있는 기회입니다. 심지어 기본적인 과학자들도 "나는 돌아가서 팀 회의를 다르게 운영한다. 나는 나의 기대에 분명하고 나는 사람들이 실패 할 때 붙잡으려고만 하지 않고있다. 저는 그것을 긍정적으로 다시 말했습니다. "우리는 우리 동료들을 정말로 소중히 여기며 존경합니다.

The [fellows] are being connected … it’s the social and academic networking they are doing and the opportunity to try new skills and have time to reflect on their practice of teaching and research. Even the basic scientists say, “I go back and run my team meetings differently. I am clear on my expectations and I’m not trying to just catch people when they fail. I’ve rephrased it to a positive.” We have a great deal of really cherishing and respecting our [fellows].


모두는 그들이 프로그램을 떠날 때 그들이 활력을 되찾고, 재 활성화되고, 가르치기를 좋아하는 사람들과 관련이 있다고 느낍니다. 그들의 열정이지만 반드시 문화적으로 가치있는 것은 아닙니다. 따라서 시스템 내에서 커뮤니티를 만드는 것이 이러한 사람들에게 가장 중요한 이점이라고 생각합니다. 그것은 정말로 소진에 대한 해독제입니다.

Everybody says when they leave the program they feel reinvigorated, reenergized, and connected with people who love to teach. It is their passion, but not necessarily culturally valued. So I think that creating the community within the system is the most important [benefit] for these folks. It’s really an antidote to burnout.

 


다른 주요 테마는 경력 개발 및 프로그램에서 다뤄진 퍼베이시브 역량 강화를 위한 잠재력이었습니다.

Other prominent themes were potential for career advancement and promoting pervasive competency in the domains covered in the programs.

 

프로그램 강점에 관해 질문 할 때, 4 명의 감독은 의학 교육에 대한 인식이 향상되었다고보고했습니다. 모든 것은 그들의 기관 지도자들과 동료들에 의해지지를 받았다.
When asked about program strengths, four directors noticed improved perception of medical education. All felt supported by their institutional leaders and colleagues.





석박사 학위 요구

Advanced degree requirement


 

이러한 오랜 기간의 프로그램을 성공적으로 이수하기 위해 석박사 학위가 필요하지 않았습니다. 대부분의 감독은 학위가 필요하지 않은 이유로 시간 제약과 자원 제한을 언급했습니다.

An advanced degree was not a requirement for successfully completing any of these long-standing programs. Most directors cited time constraints and resource limitations as reasons for not requiring a degree.

 


대부분의 프로그램 디렉터가 고급 학위가 필요하다고 생각하지는 않지만 일부는 그러한 학위가 시장성 증대의 이점을 제공하거나 국가 추세가 장래에 고급 학위를 취득 할 필요가 있다고 믿는 사람들도 있습니다.

Although most program directors did not believe an advanced degree was necessary, some believed either that such a degree might offer the advantage of increased marketability or that national trends might necessitate earning an advanced degree in the future.

 

나는 그것이 정말로 중요하다고 생각한다. 당신이 나라를 들여다 보면 위대한 지도자들 중 많은 사람들이 박사 학위를 소지하고 있습니다. 저는 ... 우리가 말하는 입장에서 경쟁력을 갖춰야한다는 것이 점점 더 일상화되고 있다고 생각합니다. 점점 더 바람직해질 것입니다.

I think it is really important. If you look across the country, many of the great leaders have a PhD or EdD or MEd.… I think it does become more and more common to have that and to be competitive in the positions we are talking about. It will become more and more desirable.





의학교육펠로우십의 과제

Challenges of the medical education fellowship


 

성공적인 프로그램 운영에 대한 질문에 7 명의 펠로우십 디렉터가 자원 문제를 언급했습니다. 두 사람은 프로그램에 대한 더 큰 재정적 지원이 그것을 향상시킬 것이라고 생각했다. 세 사람은 일관된 보호 시간 형태로 더 많은 부서 지원을 원했고 동료 또는 부서가 투자 한 재정적 투자를 상기하며 기관 지원이 이러한 개인과 후원 부서를 더 쉽게 만들 수 있다고 제안했습니다. 3 명의 감독은 시뮬레이션에 대한 액세스와 같이 펠로우를 위한 대화식 기술을 포함하는 것과 같은 코스에 대한 기술적 지원 향상을 기대했습니다. 2 명의 감독은 시간과 재능에 대한 많은 개인적인 투자가 프로그램의 성공의 핵심 이었기 때문에 프로그램의 리더십 양도가 어려웠다 고 지적했습니다. 프로그램에 scholarly project 요소가 필요한 두 명의 디렉터는 적절한 멘토가 있었는데도 일부 펠로우가 완료하지 못했다는 것에 대해 좌절했습니다. 그들은 행정적인 또는 임상적인 의무로부터 보호받는 시간의 부족이 이유일 것이라고 언급했다.

When asked about challenges of running a successful program, seven fellowship directors cited resource issues. Two felt that greater fiscal support of the program would enhance it. Three wished for more departmental support in the form of consistent protected time, and one recalled the financial investment made by the fellows or their departments and suggested that institutional support would make it easier for these individuals and their sponsoring departments. Three directors wished for improved technological support for the course, including interactive technology for the fellows, such as access to simulation. Two directors pointed out that transferring leadership of the program was proving to be difficult because so much personal investment of time and talent were at the core of the program’s success. The two directors whose programs required a scholarly project component were frustrated that some fellows did not complete it despite the availability of appropriate mentors. They cited the lack of protected time from administrative or clinical duties as likely reasons.


한 명의 프로그램 리더는 교육을받은 교육자가 교육 기관을 떠날 때의 좌절감을 나타 냈습니다.
One program leader expressed frustration when trained educators leave the institution.


 

펠로우십 프로그램 졸업생을 위한 꿈과 희망

Hopes and dreams for fellowship program graduates


프로그램 디렉터들은 펠로우 간 관계가 졸업생들의 커리어를 향상시킬 것이라고 일관되게 믿었다. 졸업생은

(1) 리더십 역할을 맡을 수있는 기회,

(2) 학술적 커리어를 추구하는 것,

(3) Scholarship을 창출하는 것,

(4) 각자의 분야에서 국가적 명성을 달성 할 수있는 기회를 얻는

 

...기회가 있을 것이다

Program directors uniformly believed that the fellowship would improve the careers of their graduates. When queried about their hopes and expectations of graduates, four major themes emerged: Graduates have better chances of (1) assuming leadership roles, (2) pursuing an academic career, (3) producing scholarship, and (4) achieving national prominence in their field(s).

 


8 명의 모든 이사는 Local level에서 교육 공동체의 전반적인 개선이 오랜 기간 지속 된 프로그램의 가장 큰 이점 중 하나라고 언급했습니다 (위의 의학 교육 펠로우쉽의 가치 참조).

All eight directors cited general improvement of the educational community at the local level as one of the greatest benefits of their long-standing programs (see The value of a medical education fellowship above).

 

 

새로운 의학 교육 펠로우쉽을 시작하는 사람들에게 주는 조언

Advice to those starting a new medical education fellowship

 

다음과 같은 3 가지 주요 권장 사항을 압도적으로 사용합니다. 그리고

(1) 프로그램의 목표와 구체적인 목표를 명확하게 정의하고,

(2) 모범 사례를 평가하고, Local needs에 가장 잘 맞는 방법을 선택하며, 

(3) 필요한 재정 지원과 기관 지도자의 지지endorsement을 얻는다.

The fellowship directors’ suggestions for those considering developing a new medical education fellowship fell overwhelmingly into three major recommendations: (1) Clearly define the goals and specific objectives of the program, (2) evaluate best practices and choose those that best fit local needs, and (3) garner necessary fiscal support and the endorsement of institutional leaders. One director stated:

 

또 다른 제안은 학자 공동체를 형성하려는 주요 목적이 직접 대면하는 시간이 줄어들면서 어려움을 겪을지라도 교육적 adjunct(예 : 시뮬레이션) 및 원격 회의 또는 비동기 학습을 포함하여 schedule disruption을 최소화하는 테크놀로지을 포함하는 것이 었습니다. 일부는 department가 교육에 대한 투자를 강조하기 위해 교수진이 참석하는데 필요한 tuition을 지불 할 것을 제안했습니다. 그들은 학과장이 자신의 예산을 활용할 때 기대 수준이 높았으며 회의 참석을 위해 더 많은 교직원을 release할 의사가 있다고 언급했습니다. 대부분의 경우에 디렉터들은 protected time이 학습자의 성공을 보장하는 데있어 가장 중요한 요인이었고 attrition은 경쟁적인 임상 또는 기타 부서 요구의 결과라고 느꼈습니다.

Another suggestion was to include technology, including educational adjuncts (e.g., simulation) and teleconferencing or asynchronous learning to minimize schedule disruption—although the major objective of forming a community of scholars might suffer with diminished face time. Some suggested that the departments pay tuition for their faculty to attend to underscore the investment in education. They noted that when the chairs had to tap into their own budgets, they had a higher level of expectation and were more willing to release the faculty for the sessions. Uniformly, directors felt that protected time was the biggest factor in ensuring the success of the learners and that attrition was a result of competing clinical or other departmental demands.

 



 


 


고찰

Discussion


종단 교수 개발 펠로우 십은 의학 교육자 공동체를 육성하여 공통의 목표를 달성하고 오늘날의 학습자의 요구에 부합하는 새로운 이니셔티브를 이끌어냅니다. 가장 일반적으로,이 공동체는 단일 기관 내의 다 학제 기반에서 비롯되며 교수 및 교육 장학금의 이론 지식과 멘토링 된 경험을 갈망하는 기존 교수를위한 것입니다.

Longitudinal faculty development fellowships cultivate communities of medical educators to achieve common goals and lead new initiatives that keep pace with the needs of today’s learners. Most commonly, these communities arise from a multidisciplinary base within a single institution and are intended for existing faculty who yearn for theoretical knowledge and mentored experiences in teaching and educational scholarship.




기관 및 교수진에게주는 혜택

Benefits to institutions and faculty fellows

 

 

교원임명에 앞서 펠로우십 교육을 받는 것은, 펠로우들이 (행정 및 서비스 의무를 최소화하는) 교육 전문가로서의 전문성 개발에 우선 순위를 부여 할 수 있습니다. 졸업생들은 이미 학습 이론의 언어와 문화에 능통 한 지식과 기술의 표준적 기반을 갖춘 상태로 교수로서의 경력을 시작하게됩니다.

Timing the fellowship prior to faculty appointment allows trainees to prioritize their professional development as education specialists, under close mentorship, in a model that minimizes administrative and service obligations. Graduates would begin their faculty careers with a standard foundation of knowledge and skills, already fluent in the language and culture of learning theory.


우리 참가자들에 따르면, 대부분의 펠로우들은 학습에 집중하기 위해 보호 된 시간을 약속 받았지만, 그들의 임상 및 행정 업무는 진전을 방해하고, 때로는 펠로우십 관련 작업, 특히 scholarly products의 완성을 저해했습니다. 의료 전문인 모델과 일치하는 형식으로 의학 교육 펠로우쉽을 완료하면이 문제가 해결됩니다 .19,20,30

Although, according to our participants, most fellows were promised protected time to focus on learning, their clinical and administrative duties impeded their progress and, sometimes, the completion of fellowship-related tasks, especially scholarly products. Completion of the medical education fellowship in a format that aligns with the medical specialties model obviates this problem.19,20,30

 

 

또한 Postgraduate 구조는 여러 layer의 커뮤니티를 제공합니다. 펠로우들은 서로 관계bond를 형성할 수 있으며 전국의 여러 기관에서 자신의 전문 분야에 널리 퍼져있는 커뮤니티를 가질 수 있습니다.

Further, the postgraduate structure affords multiple layers of community. Fellows may forge bonds with one another and have a widespread community within their specialties across multiple institutions nationwide.

 

 


Postresidency의학 교육 펠로우 십 개발을위한 제안

Suggestions for developing a postresidency medical education fellowship

 


펠로우십 프로그램 형식을 고려하도록 명시 적으로 촉구되었을 때, 교육자 또는 지도자가 의학 교육에서 펠로우쉽 프로그램을 시작하는 프로그램 디렉터의 조언은 명확하고 만장일치였다 : 사전에 목표를 정의하고, 모범 사례를 평가하며, 부서장 및 학장을 포함한 주요 전략적 파트너 및 지도자의 서포트를 받아라

 

Program directors’ advice to educators or leaders starting a fellowship program in medical education, when explicitly prompted to consider a postgraduate fellowship format, was clear and unanimous: Define goals in advance, evaluate best practices, and gather support from key strategic partners and leaders, including department chairs and deans.

 

펠로우쉽 내용 및 평가

Fellowship content and evaluation


대화 형 교육 방법, 성인 학습 원칙, ​​커리큘럼 개발, 평가, 리더십 및 장학금을 포함하여 참가자가 보고 한 이상적인 커리큘럼 내용은 education fellowship에 관해 기존에 출판된 문헌에서 나온 핵심 내용과 같다10,11,14,15,31 인터뷰 대상자는 일관된 지식과 전문 지식을 여러 명의 학습자에게 제공하는 것은 지역 교육 사명을 육성하기위한 지지 공동체supportive community를 형성하는 데 중요했습니다.

The ideal curriculum content reported by our participants, including interactive teaching methods, adult learning principles, curriculum development, assessment, leadership, and scholarship, resonates with published core content for education scholarship fellows.10,11,14,15,31 Interviewees reported that providing multiple learners with consistent knowledge and shared expertise was critical in forming a supportive community to foster the local educational mission. 


펠로우십 프로그램 성과에 대한 개선 된 분석에 대한 요구에도 불구하고, 12,32 선행 연구는 프로그램 성공 지표에서 객관적인 결과 데이터를 거의 보여주지 못했습니다 .10,11,33 프로그램 디렉터는 리더십 직책과 학업 성취도에 오른 졸업생에 관한 일화 정보를 전달했습니다 . 성공의 측정 기준은 졸업생에 대한 프로그램 디렉터의 기대에서 추측 할 수 있지만 모범 사례를 알리기위한 비판적이고 양적이며 장기적인 프로그램 평가의 필요성이 여전히 남아 있습니다.

Despite a call for improved analysis of fellowship program outcomes,12,32 prior studies have demonstrated few objective outcome data from metrics of program success.10,11,33 Our program directors relayed anecdotal information about graduates who had risen to leadership positions and scholarly achievement. Although metrics of success can be inferred from program directors’ expectations of graduates, the need for critical, quantitative, long-term evaluation of programs to inform best practices remains.



 

한계

Limitations



우리의 연구 결과는 경험이 풍부한 프로그램 디렉터의 작은 샘플로 제한됩니다; 그러나 샘플링은 제도적 (공공 / 사립) 및 지리적 다양성뿐만 아니라 다양한 프로그램 형식을 포함하는 데 목적이 있습니다. 가능하면 모든 관련 질문을하지는 않았지만 참여자가 개방형 질문 형식을 통해 자유롭게 말하도록 권장했습니다. 우리가 연구를 계획 할 때, 우리는 다양한 의견을 얻고 의견을 표명하기를 희망했습니다. 우리 연구 집단은 교수개발펠로우십 프로그램 디렉터를위한 "모범 사례"가 등장했음을 나타내는 다소 균일 한 응답을 제공했습니다. 초기 프로그램과 중단 된 프로그램의 감독이 추가적인 통찰력을 제공했을 수도 있습니다.

Our findings are limited to a small sample of experienced program directors; however, the sampling was purposeful to include a variety of program formats, as well as institutional (public/private) and geographic diversity. Possibly, we did not ask all the relevant questions, but we encouraged participants to speak freely through our open-ended question format. When we planned our study, we hoped that we would gain a variety of opinions and dissenting viewpoints. Our study population provided rather uniform responses, perhaps indicating that “best practices” for program directors of faculty development fellowships had emerged. Directors of nascent and discontinued programs may have provided additional insight.

 

인터뷰 담당자와 필사자가 전문적으로 감독 중 한 명을 알았지 만, 맹검 된 검토자는 식별되지 않은 transcript를 사용하여 코딩과 분석을 수행했습니다. 우리는 의학 교육이 확고하게 수립 된 분야 인 미국 이외의 프로그램, 특히 캐나다에서의 독특한 관점을 생략했을 수도 있습니다. 우리는이 프로젝트를 특정 관점에서 시작했습니다. 이 연구에 참여한 우리 모두는 EM 의사입니다. 그러나 우리는 상당한 집단 의학 교육 경험과 지식을 프로젝트에 적용했습니다. 우리 중 세 명은 교육에 대한 추가 교육을 받았으며 Postgraduate 의학교육/펠로우십 리더십 (W.C.C., S.A.S., L.M.Y.)에 참여했으며 네 명은 의학 교육 펠로우쉽을 완료했습니다 (D.P.R., S.R., T.A.G., J.J.). 우리 그룹은 여러 전문 분야에 적용 할 수있는 기존의 교수진 개발 프로그램을 모방하기 위해 의학 교육에서 대학원 친목의 광범위한 모델을 창출하려는 의도로이 연구에 접근했습니다. 중요한 것은 응답자 중 응급 의사가 아니며 특정 질문에 초점을 맞춘 질문이 없습니다.

Although our interviewer and transcriber knew one of the directors on a professional basis, blinded reviewers performed the coding and analysis using deidentified transcripts. We may have omitted unique points of view from programs outside of the United States, particularly in Canada, where medical education is a firmly established discipline. We embarked on this project from a particular perspective. All of us involved in this study are EM physicians; however, we applied our considerable collective medical education experience and knowledge to the project. Three of us have additional training in education and are involved in postgraduate medical education/fellowship leadership (W.C.C., S.A.S., L.M.Y.), and four of us have completed a medical education fellowship (D.P.R., S.R., T.A.G., J.J.). Our group approached this study with the intent of creating a broad model of a postgraduate fellowship in medical education to mimic existing faculty development programs that would apply to multiple specialties. Importantly, none of our respondents were emergency physicians, and none of our questions focused on any particular medical specialty.


 

 

Directions for further study


예를 들어 답을 구하는 한 가지 질문은 동료에게 감독과 멘토링을 제공하기 위해 얼마나 많은 full-time exempt employees 이 필요한지입니다. 평가할 다른 영역은 자금 지원 및 fellowship structure입니다.
One question to answer, for example, is how many full-time exempt employees would be required to provide supervision and mentorship to fellows. Other areas to assess are financing and fellowship structure.



Conclusions




Appendix 1 Semistructured Telephone Survey Question Guide, 2013a


1. How long has your program been in existence?

2. What is the duration of your program?

3. Do you notice any trend in enrollment among faculty in basic science, primary care, or those in surgery or other subspecialties?

4. How many candidates can participate in the program each year?

5. How many faculty have graduated from your program since it began?

6. What types of positions do your graduates currently hold? (If clarification was sought by respondent, the following choices were offered:

administrative roles, department chairs, deans, residency or clerkship leadership, core academic faculty, and others you might recall.)

7. How do you address (if at all) each of the following curricular elements: adult learning theory, teaching methods, research and scholarship,

administrative skills, and/or leadership development? Are there other curricular elements you offer?

8. Do you require an advanced degree, e.g., masters, PhD, EdD? If yes, what benefit do you see from this option? If not required: Would you like to

offer this option? If yes, what are the main obstacles? If no, why not?

9. Do you think an advanced degree is/will be necessary? Why/why not?

10. Do the faculty enrolled in your program participate in any other organized educational activities other than a degree program? (If clarification

was sought by respondent, the following choices were offered: AAMC program, university program, specialty-specific organization program such

as CORD-EM Course “Navigating the Academic Waters.”)

11. How is your program funded?

12. Is there release time for the fellowship director? Supporting faculty?

13. Do faculty participants (those enrolled) receive support in the form of protected time or other compensation?

14. Do you offer the participants any additional support/opportunities?

15. Why do you think a faculty development program is worthwhile?

16. What do you view as the strengths of your program? Why do you think it is successful?

17. Do you feel supported by the person to whom you report at your institution? By your colleagues in your department? Beyond?

18. What are the major challenges you face in running your fellowship program?

19. Do you feel you currently have the “ideal” program? How would you change it to make it ideal? Is there anything holding you back from having

the ideal program?

20. What is your assessment of the level of performance of the faculty currently enrolled in your program? How do you feel this compares to those

faculty at a similar academic level who are not enrolled in the program?

21. What are your hopes for the graduates of your program? How do you think their careers will be affected by their participation?

22. Do you have any concerns about the future of your faculty development program?

23. What advice do you have for someone who hopes to create a new faculty development program in medical education?

24. What advice do you have for someone who hopes to create a medical education fellowship for residency graduates in a given specialty? (At this

time, it was disclosed that the specialty affiliation of the interviewer was EM but that the answer would ideally focus on any specialty. If unclear,

the interviewer described the possibility of mimicking the typical postresidency medical specialty fellowship model.)

25. Is there anything else you would like to share about your experience as the director of a medical education fellowship for faculty?


Abbreviations: AAMC indicates Association of American Medical Colleges; CORD, Council of Residency Directors; EM, emergency medicine.


a Respondents were free to expand on answers to each of the questions. A single interviewer asked appropriate follow-up questions for clarification or expansion in the normal flow of conversation. Respondents were program directors of faculty development medical education fellowship programs in 2013.



18 Lin M, Santen SA, Yarris LM, et al. Development of a training needs assessment for an education scholarship fellowship in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19:1419–1424.


19 Coates WC, Lin M, Clarke S, et al. Defining a core curriculum for education scholarship fellowships in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19:1411–1418.


28 Bradley EH, Curry LA, Devers KJ. Qualitative data analysis for health services research: Developing taxonomy, themes, and theory. Health Serv Res. 2007;42:1758–1772.


29 Association of American Medical Colleges. Medical education research certification (MERC) program. 2015. https://www.aamc.org/members/gea/merc/  Accessed December 1, 2015.






 2016 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]

Creating a Cadre of Fellowship-Trained Medical Educators: A Qualitative Study of Faculty DevelopmentProgram Leaders' Perspectives and Advice.

Author information

  • 1W.C. Coates is senior education specialist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, and professor of medicine, University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. D.P. Runde is assistant program director and assistant professor of emergency medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa. L.M. Yarris is associate professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon. S. Rougas is assistant professor of emergency medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. T.A. Guth is emergency medicine clerkship codirector and associate director, Clinical Skills in Foundations of Doctoring Course, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. S.A. Santen is assistant dean, Educational Research and Quality Improvement, University of Michigan Medical School, and professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. J. Miller is an emergency medicine resident, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania. J. Jordan is assistant director, Residency Training Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, and assistant professor of medicine and vice chair, Acute Care College, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.

Abstract

PURPOSE:

Well-trained educators fill essential roles across the medical education continuum. Some medical schools offer programs for existing faculty to enhance teaching and scholarship. No standard postgraduate training model exists for residency graduates to attain competency as faculty members before their first academic appointment. The objective of this study is to inform the development of postgraduate medical education fellowships by exploring perceptions of educational leaders who direct well-established facultydevelopment programs.

METHOD:

The authors undertook a qualitative study, using purposeful sampling to recruit participants and a constant comparative approach to identify themes. They conducted semistructured telephone interviews with directors of faculty development fellowships using an interpretivist/constructivist paradigm (November 2013). Questions addressed curricular and fiscal structure, perceived benefits and challenges, and advice for starting a postgraduate fellowship.

RESULTS:

Directors reported institutional and participant benefits, notably the creation of a community of educators and pool of potential leaders. Curricular offerings focused on learning theory, teaching, assessment, leadership, and scholarship. Funding and protected time were challenges. Advice for new program directors included evaluating best practices, defining locally relevant goals; garnering sufficient, stable financial support; and rallying leaders' endorsement.

CONCLUSIONS:

Medical education fellowships cultivate leaders and communities of trained educators but require participants to balance faculty responsibilities with professional developmentAdvice of current directors can inform the development of postgraduate programs modeled after accredited clinical specialty fellowships. Programs with the support of strategic partners, financial stability, and well-defined goals may allow new faculty to begin their careers with existing competency in medical education skills.

PMID:
 
26826070
 
DOI:
 
10.1097/ACM.0000000000001097
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]


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