효과적인 멘토 개발을 위한 열두가지 팁(Med Teach, 2006)
Twelve tips for developing effective mentors
SUBHA RAMANI1, LARRY GRUPPEN2 & ELIZABETH KRAJIC KACHUR3
1Boston University School of Medicine, USA; 2University of Michigan Medical School, USA; 3New York, USA
Introduction
- Professional transition 과정에서 멘토링의 중요성이 강조되었다 (Bligh, 1999; Freeman, 2000; Grainger, 2002; Levy et al., 2004).
- 연구에 따르면 멘토를 찾은 교직원은 자신감이 더 높았고, 생산적인 연구 경력을 갖게 되었고, 더 큰 경력 만족도를 보였을 가능성이 더 높다(Palepu et al., 1998; Ramanan et al., 2002; Levy et al., 2004) .
- 멘티에 대한 다른보고 된 혜택은 다음과 같습니다.
- 직업에 대한 사회화
- 경력 경로에서 선택과 성취에 도움
- 의미있는 참여 학술 활동;
- 긴밀한 협력 관계의 발전 (Morzinski et al., 1996; Pololi et al., 2002).
- 멘토에 대한 자기보고 된 혜택에는
- 차세대 육성에 대한 자부심
- 기관 내 전문적인 협력자 네트워크를 구축
- 멘티 그룹에게 자신의 전문 지식과 기술을 전파.
- 멘토링 프로그램 관점에서 교수들의 retention에 긍정적 효과가 있다(Benson et al., 2002).
- 이러한 이점에도 불구하고 많은 초기 경력의 임상의와 연구자는 적절한 멘토를 찾는 데 어려움이 있습니다. 특히 여성과 임상가-교육자는 부적절한 멘토링 관계의 위험에 처해있다 (Chew et al., 2003).
- The importance of mentoring throughout one’s career has been emphasized, especially during professional transitions (Bligh, 1999; Freeman, 2000; Grainger, 2002; Levy et al., 2004).
- Studies have shown that faculty members who identified a mentor felt more confident, were more likely to have a productive research career and reported greater career satisfaction (Palepu et al., 1998; Ramanan et al., 2002; Levy et al., 2004).
- Other reported benefits for mentees include:
- socialization into the profession;
- help with choice and fulfillment in of career path;
- meaningful involvement academic activities; and
- the development of close collabora- tive relationships (Morzinski et al., 1996; Pololi et al., 2002).
- Self-reported benefits for mentors include
- pride in develop- ing the next generation,
- building a network of professional collaborators within an institution and
- being able to disseminate their expertise and skills to a group of mentees.
- From a mentoring program perspective faculty retention has been reported as a positive outcome (Benson et al., 2002).
- Despite these benefits, many early career clinicians and investigators have difficulty in finding appropriate mentors. Women and clinician-educator faculty in particular are at risk of inadequate mentoring relationships (Chew et al., 2003).
The mentoring relationship usually develops between an older professional, the ‘mentor,’ and a younger colleague, the ‘mentee’ (Grainger, 2002). In the Odyssey, Mentor was a trusted friend of Odysseus, who entrusted Mentor with the care of his house and the education of his son, Telemachus, when he set out for the Trojan War. From this epic arose the use of the word mentor as a wise and faithful counselor. Today, a mentor is someone who is a counselor and a teacher and instructs, admonishes and assists a junior trainee or colleague in attaining success.
Tip 1: Mentors need clear expectations of their roles and enhanced listening and feedback skills
Mentors are not born but developed
- 자신의 분야에서 지식과 존경을 받고,
- 멘티에게 잘 반응하며 멘티가 만날 수 있고,
- 멘토링의 관계에 대한 관심을 가지며,
- 멘티의 역량과 잠재력에 대해 잘 알고 있고,
- 멘티가 스스로에게 적절하게 도전하도록 동기부여하고
- 멘티의 옹호자 역할 하는
being knowledgeable and respected in their field,
being responsive and available to their mentees,
interest in the mentoring relationship,
being knowledgeable of the mentee’s capabilities and potential,
motivating mentees to appropriately challenge themselves and
acting as advocates for their mentees.
Some key skills required when mentoring others include listening and the ability to give positive as well as negative feedback.
- 멘토의 책임,
- 효과적인 멘토링 관계에 필요한 기술
- 관계에서의 문제점을 인식하는 전략
Many educators are not born with these skills and would benefit from institutional staff development programs on mentoring skills. Such programs could highlight key
the responsibilities of a mentor,
skills required for an effective mentoring relationship and
strategies to recognize problems in a relationship (Benson et al., 2002).
이 워크숍은 예비 멘토가 비디오 촬영 시나리오 및 역할극 시청과 같은 실제 연습에 참여하도록 허용하는 교육 전략의 조합을 사용하는 경우 가장 효과적입니다 (Connor et al., 2000). 그러나 이러한 교수개발 프로그램의 실제 성과는 실제 멘토링 환경에서 측정되어야한다는 점을 강조해야합니다.
These workshops would be most effective if they used a combination of educational strategies that allowed prospective mentors to engage in practical exercises such as watching videotaped scenarios and role-plays (Connor et al., 2000). It is to be emphasized, however,that the actual outcomes of such staff development programs should be measured in real mentoring settings.
Tip 2: Mentors need awareness of culture and gender issues
Mentor and mentee matching by gender and culture should not be mandatory, but available for those who desire it
Although differences in gender and culture have been considered relative barriers to an effective relationship, literature reports have documented that these have not been viewed by most mentees as real barriers ( Jackson et al., 2003). In fact, our workshop participants thought that mentors can support mentees of different cultures and gender by having zero tolerance for discrimination. Gender and cultural differences can foster greater mutual growth of the mentor and mentee as they gain knowledge of each other’s cultures. It has been recommended that mentors be aware of their own gender and culture biases as this knowledge could possibly help people overcome innate prejudices.
- 첫 번째는 개인적인 경계의 문제 였고
- 두 번째는 다른 성별의 책임에 대한 이해 부족이었습니다.
Two issues were raised at the workshops in relation to cross-gender mentoring. The first was that of personal boundaries and the second, lack of understanding of the other gender’s domestic responsibilities. Despite these concerns, most mentees did not feel the need for having a same gender mentor. They felt that relationships across cultures and gender would promote more acceptance of differences and lowering of biases. They stated that institutions should not actively try to pair mentors and mentees based on gender and culture and mentors should be equipped with the skills required to understand issues related to their mentees’ gender and ethnicity. However, if individual trainees report discrimination or significant barriers to meaningful mentoring based on these characteristics/variables, the institution should find them mentors who can put them more at ease and better fulfill their mentoring needs.
Tip 3: Mentors need to support their mentees, but challenge them too
Balance support and challenge
Daloz (1986) states that effective mentor–prote´ge´(e) relation-ships should balance three elements: support, challenge and a vision of the prote´ge´(e)’s future. If mentors are overly supportive without challenging mentees, the mentees do not grow professionally; on the other hand, challenging without supporting causes mentees to regress in their professional development (Figure 1).
Tip 4: Mentors need a forum to express their uncertainties and problems
Mentors have problems too
It is often assumed that once faculty become mentors, they become all-knowing and do not need any further attention from the program. However, many mentors expressed the need to have a mechanism by which they could discuss problems in their mentoring relationships and get advice. Given that mentors often have more than one mentee and each interpersonal relationship is likely to be different, skills that are effective in one may be ineffective in the other.
While discussing challenges solutions, in it their must mentoring relationships and seeking be remembered that details regarding specific individuals must remain confidential (Freeman, 1997). Institutions can schedule periodic mentor meetings led by senior educators along with external consultants who are knowledgeable about methods for troubleshooting problems in mentoring relationships. Such meetings could provide a forum for mentors to report their successes and failures, and to receive feedback from their peers and the experts. These discussions should include only essential details of the mentoring issues and mentee names and other details must remain confidential.
Tip 5: Mentors need to be aware of professional boundaries
Mentors should stick to mentoring
There are several types of boundaries that need to be considered in a mentoring relationship where the personal contact between mentors and mentees is much closer than in other professional relationships such as a student with teacher, advisor or role model. Moreover, personal issues and problems may be discussed by a mentee, which could lead to one or both of them harboring inappropriately intimate emotions towards the other (Palepu et al., 1996;Jackson et al., 2003).
As one of our participants stated: ‘‘I had a mentee who expected me to mother him throughout his training period and that was emotionally exhausting.’’ Mentor training should include knowledge of professional boundaries, and recognition of psychosocial problems that need referral to professionals such as psychologists or counselors.
Tip 6: Mentors also need mentoring
Mentors for mentors
Educational institutions often do not provide mentors for senior teachers. even the most senior educators need to be mentored as they may wish to change their career focus or professional path while they already hold high positions within their organizations.
팁 7 : 멘토는 인정이 필요합니다.
멘토링의 가치를 높이십시오.
Tip 7: Mentors need recognition
Raise the value of mentoring
전세계의 대부분의 교육 기관에서 멘토는 멘토링 업무를 수행하지만, 일반적으로 이것은 보상이 있기 때문이 아니라 보람이 있기 때문입니다. 전체 학교에 멘토링이 의과 대학에서 가장 중요한 임무 중 하나라는 것을 납득시키기 위해, 기관의 리더는 멘토 그룹이 수행하는 일에 대해 가치를 인정해주고, 감사를 받는 '엘리트'그룹으로 공개적으로 인정해야합니다 (Palepu 외, 1998).
At most educational institutions around the world, mentors usually perform their mentoring duties not because they are reimbursed for it but because they consider it a rewarding aspect of their profession. To convince the entire institution that mentoring is one of the most important duties at medical schools, institutional leaders should publicly recognize their group of mentors as an ‘elite’ group of faculty who are highly valued and appreciated for their work (Palepu et al., 1998).
팁 8 : 멘토는 보상을 받아야합니다.
멘토는 다양한 방식으로 보상받을 수 있습니다.
Tip 8: Mentors need to be rewarded
Mentors can be rewarded in different ways
교육 기관은 몇 가지 혁신적인 방법으로 핵심 멘토 그룹에게 보상 할 수 있습니다.
멘토 피정 또는 저녁 식사는 정기적으로 개최 할 수 있습니다. Retreat이나 종종 있는 저녁식사에서 멘토는 동료와 상호 작용하며, 효과적이거나 비효과적이었던 기술을 공유 할 수 있습니다.
멘토에게 보상하는 또 다른 방법은 그들에게 컨퍼런스 기금을 추가로 제공하는 것입니다.
또한 멘토링은 승진의 기준이 될 수있다 (Benson et al., 2002).
Educational institutions can reward their core group of mentors in several innovative ways. Mentor retreats or dinners can be held periodically. At retreats or even just occasional dinners mentors can interact with their colleagues, share their experiences and techniques, both effective and ineffective. Another method to reward special mentors would be to give them extra conference funding. Additionally mentoring can become a criterion for promotion (Benson et al., 2002).
팁 9 : 멘토링은 보호받는 시간이 필요합니다.
멘토링은 '그때그때 대충' 수행 할 수 없습니다.
Tip 9: Mentoring needs protected time
Mentoring cannot be done ‘on the fly’
몇 명의 연수생을지도하는 교수진은이 중요한 의무를 효과적으로 수행하기 위해 어느 정도의 보호 시간을 할당 받아야합니다. 기존의 업무량에 이토록 중요한 멘토링 업무를 단순히 추가하기만 한다면, 멘토링은 실패할 것이다.ㄴ
Faculty who mentor several trainees should be allocated some degree of protected time to perform this important duty effectively. Just adding this important duty to the existing workload is a recipe for poor mentoring relationships.
팁 10 : 멘토는 지원이 필요합니다.
멘토는 개인적 또는 심리적 문제를 다루지 않아야합니다.
Tip 10: Mentors need support
Mentors should not be expected to tackle personal or psychological problems
일부 멘티의 문제는 일반적인 멘토와 멘티 사이의 관계나 토론의 경계를 넘을 수 있습니다. 멘티는 임상 적으로 우울하거나, 성격 문제가 있거나, 약물 남용 문제가 있거나 학업 문제가있을 수 있습니다. 멘토는 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 없다고 생각할 때 이를 인식 할 수 있어야하며, 학습 상담사 및 심리학자와 같은 전문가 네트워크를 통해 멘티를 refer 할 수 있어야합니다. 멘토에게 멘토가 갖추지 못한 기술을 필요로하는 역할이 강요되어서는 안됩니다.
Some mentees’ problems may overstep the boundaries of the usual mentor–mentee relationships and discussions. Mentees may be clinically depressed, have personality problems, have substance abuse problems or just academic problems. Mentors should be able to recognize when they feel unable to resolve such problems and should be supported by a network of specialists such as study counselors and psychologists to whom they can refer their mentee. The mentors should not be forced to take on roles in which they do not have expert skills.
팁 11 : 동료 멘토링 장려
멘토링의 피라미드 모델
Tip 11: Encourage peer mentoring
A pyramidal model of mentoring
피어 (또는 동료 피어) 멘토링을 연구 한 의학 교육자는 이것이 전통적 dyadic 멘토링 접근법에 대한 실현 가능하고 아마도 바람직한 대안이라고 제안합니다 (Woessner et al., 1998; Pololi et al., 2002). 참가자들은 공유 된 통찰력, 경험, 아이디어, 지침, 문제 해결 및 지원을 구하면서 자신의 동료를 '협력자'또는 '동료'(비 계급적 관계를 암시 함)로 식별했습니다.
Medical educators who have studied peer (or near-peer) mentoring suggest that it is a feasible and perhaps more desirable alternative to traditional dyadic mentoring approaches (Woessner et al., 1998; Pololi et al., 2002). Participants identified their peers as ‘collaborators’ or ‘colleagues’ (implying a non-hierarchical relationship), while seeking shared insights, experiences, ideas, guidance, problem-solving and support from them.
교수 시간에 대한 압력은 피라미드 멘토링 시스템을 통해서 어느 정도 완화 될 수 있습니다. 그러한 모델은 피라미드의 맨 아래에있는 멘티 집단을 수반하며 피라미드의 작은 그룹으로부터 조금 더 높은 조언을 구할 수 있습니다. 경험 많은 수석 멘토가 피라미드의 꼭대기에서 모든 것을 감독하고 안내합니다 .
Pressures on faculty time could be alleviated to a certain extent by creating a pyramidal system of mentoring. Such a model would entail a group of mentees at the bottom of the pyramid who can seek advice from a small group of peers a little higher in the pyramid with the more experienced, senior mentors overseeing and guiding all of them at the top of the pyramid.
팁 12 : 멘토링 프로그램의 효과를 지속적으로 평가하십시오.
멘토링은 지속적으로 진행되는 작업입니다.
Tip 12: Continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the mentoring programs
Mentoring is a work in progress
멘토링 프로그램이 성공하기 위해서는 기관들이 멘티와 멘토가 주기적으로 프로그램을 평가하고 현재 문제를보고하고 멘토링 또는 기존 프로그램의 변경에 대한 새로운 접근법을 제안해야합니다.
For mentoring programs to succeed, institutions need to have the mentees and mentors evaluate the program periodically, report the current problems and suggest new approaches to mentoring or changes to the existing program.
. 방법
명확한 목표
정기적이고 목적이있는 미팅
. 내용
피드백
멘티가 쟁점을 제기하고 멘토에 도전 할 수 있습니다.
. 결과
진도 및 경력 개발
네트워킹
. Process
Clear objectives
Regular, purposeful meetings
. Content
Feedback
Mentee could raise issues and challenge mentor
. Outcome
Progress and career development
Networking
주어진 기관의 모든 멘티와 멘토는 적어도 멘토링 관계를 최소 3-4 회 평가해야합니다. 다음 항목은 평가할 수있는 멘토링 관계에있는 영역의 예입니다.
All mentees and mentors at a given institution should be asked to evaluate their mentoring relationships at least 3–4 times a year. The following items are examples of areas in a mentoring relationship that could be evaluated:
. 직업적인 목표에 합치;
. 멘토 (들)의 가용성;
. 멘티에게 책임과 기회를 주는 멘토;
. 위원회 및 기타 전문 활동에 대한 멘티와 관련된 멘토;
. 내외부 교수와의 네트워킹을 촉진시키는 멘토;
. 멘토가 일과 개인 생활을 통합하는 것을 돕는 멘토;
. 제자에 대한 존경을 보여주는 멘토.
. 멘토링의 개인적 혜택.
. congruence on professional goals;
. availability of mentor(s);
. mentor giving mentee responsibilities and opportunities;
. mentor involving mentee on committees and other professional activities;
. mentor facilitating networking with internal and external faculty;
. mentor helping mentee integrate work and personal life;
. mentor showing respect for the mentee as a person;
. personal benefits from mentoring.
Conclusions
Twelve tips for developing effective mentors.
Author information
- 1
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA. sramani@bu.edu
Abstract
- PMID:
- 16973451
- DOI:
- 10.1080/01421590600825326
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