의사국가시험이 필요한가, 아니면 필요하지 않은가? 그것이 문제로다 (Med Educ, 2016)
의사국가시험이 필요한가, 아니면 필요하지 않은가? 그것이 문제로다 (Med Educ, 2016)
National licensing exam or no national licensing exam? That is the question
Brian Jolly
이 commentary에서 의사국가시험(NLE)가 최근의 몇 가지 걱정스러운 문제들을 해결하는 최선의 방식이라는 NLE 지지자들에게 이의를 제기하고자 한다.
In this commentary I wish to chal- lenge the case that proponents have used to support the idea that national licensing examinations (NLEs) are the best way to tackle a number of recent troubling find- ings.
First, that any assessment has to be part of a curricular strategy rather than a regulatory imposition, and that to impose any assessment will have a major impact on the exist- ing curriculumdesign process. Second, that the evidence that is quoted as troubling is far from clear-cut. And third, because of this, more work needs to be done on benchmarking across different schools before we could even begin to think that an NLE-focused solu- tion would be adequate.
We know that ‘assessment drives learning’. It is widely appreciated as the inevitable consequence of trying to learn a discipline that defeats anyone’s capacity, and some people’s motivation, to mas- ter it.
현실에서는 '평가는 학습되어지는 것을 유도한다'라고 보는 것이 보다 정확할 것이다. 비록 평가 자체가 실제의 교수-학습 프로세스를 유도할 수도 있지만, 대부분은 그러하지 않다. 프로그램이 가진 목적과 관련해서, 평가는 의과대학에서 요구되는 중요한 성과나, 임상 환경에서의 상호작용, 공감하고 공정한 의료를 실천하기 위해 배우고자 하는 헌신, 지속적인 전문성 개발을 위한 윤리적/사회적 책임 등의 정의를 설정하는 것이 아니라 그것을 뒷받침하는 역할을 한다.
In reality it might be more precise to say that assessment driveswhat is learned. Although assess- ment can drive the actual learning and teaching process, it usually does not. In relation to the goals of the programme, assessment is sup- posed to serve rather than establishthe definition of the overarching outcomes required of medical schools, the interactions in the clin-ical environment, the dedication tostudy and to delivering compas- sionate and equitable health care, and the ethical and social responsi- bility for continual professional development.
평가가 교육과정 전략의 한 부분으로서 들어가지 않으면, 그것을 종합적이면서 충분한 해결책이 아니다.
The belief that one way to deal with the global need for ‘good doctors’ is to develop national licensing examinations (NLEs) also seems to be crystallising into the realm of being inevitable.3 In Swanson and Roberts’ stimulating and scholarly review of the trends in NLEs there seems to be a fairly firmly held assumption that NLEs are ‘a good thing’.
저자들은 의과대학 간 차이를 보여주는 여러 흥미로운 연구들을 인용하며, 여러 의과대학 졸업생들 사이에 vocational training examinations 혹은 기존의 NLE에서 성취한 정도의 차이가 다양함을 보여주었다.
The authors quote a number of very intriguing studies that show variation between medi- cal schools in the degree of suc- cess that their graduates have in vocational training examinations or existing NLEs.4–6
그러나 이들 중 적어도 두 연구는(그 차이가 가장 크게 드러난 연구들은) 의과대학을 졸업한 시점과 시험을 치른 시점 사이에 상당한 기간을 두고 있다. 적어도 1년의 preregistration 시기가 있었고, 그리고 1년 혹은 그 이상이 지난 후에 vocational training을 들어갔다. 내가 근무했던 모든 의과대학은 (역량-지향 평가에서 흔히 기대할 수 있듯)최종시험결과가 상당히 오른쪽으로 치우쳐(skew)있었으며, 이는 의과대학을 졸업할 때 학생들이 상당히 (적어도 한 의과대학 내에서는) 균질화된다는 것을 시사한다.
However, in at least two of these (the ones with the biggest differences) there is a considerable period between leav- ing the medical school and taking the examination. There is at least 1 year of preregistration activity, and potentially one or more years after that, before entering voca- tional training. Every medical school in which I’ve worked has final year assessment data that are always strongly skewed to the right, as would be expected in a compe- tence-oriented assessment, suggest- ing that the students when they leave medical school are a pretty homogenous group (at least within the school).
따라서 비용이 많이 드는, 대규모의, 속박하고(constraining), 균질화시키는(homogenizing) NLE 시험이 이 시점에 과연 필요한지를 가정하기 전에, 이들 연구로부터 우리는 가장 잘 하는 학교와 가장 못 하는 학교 간 더 효율적인 비교(benchmarking)이 필요하며, 기준(standard)에 집중해야 한다.
So maybe we should be looking at more efficient benchmarking between the best and worst performing schools in these studies, and a concentration on standards, before we assume, that a costly,large and potentially constraining and homogenising examination is needed at that point.
Additionally, we should be putting assessment in perspective as a tool to promote change, which the imposition of NLEs tends to distort. Numerous curriculum theorists have identified that assess- ment is best viewed as a vital element of curriculumdesign. But if we have a superim- posed NLE, what impact does this have on the other vital features of local curricula, and who is provid- ing those, and the linkages and alignment that they demand?
Years ago, specialty colleges had very little to offer a prospective member other than a series of assessments that the appli- cant had to pass. It was universally recognised that this was a rather impoverished approach to specialty development, and almost all col- leges now have frameworks (e.g. CanMEDS10) that are much more encompassing than any curricula were when the national exit exami- nation was first conceptualised.
These frameworks include broader aims and objectives, training strate- gies and support mechanisms, alongside expanded, redeveloped and quality-assured assessments. Furthermore, even though some of the current assessment strategies, such as work-based assessment, are capable of tackling the appraisal of those wider goals for practitioners, such assessments would not be deliverable in a standardised national form. So plonking NLEs down on medical schools must be seen as a retrograde step.
The authors of the paper seem convinced that ‘The evidence that better performance in NLEs is associated with better patient care seems compelling and, we think, aids in justifying more widespread use of NLEs’.3 However, there is some considerable doubt, at least in most developed countries with a long history of established universi- ties, that NLEs will improve health care substantially over and above what is currently done.
A recent systematic review by Archer et al.11 concludes ‘Some authors claim to provide evidence that licensing examinations ensure greater patient safety and improved quality of care .... The evidence for these claims however is based on correlations of performance that fail to establish a direct link between national licens- ing examinations and improve- ments in patient outcomes’.
Complaints against doctors are rising,12 but are these being caused by inade- quate medical school preparation? Doctors under 30, the newly quali- fied and women have a much lower probability of being com- plained about than older or spe- cialised doctors.12
Furthermore, in Australia, 3% of the medical work- force accounts for 49% of com- plaints, and 1% accounts for a quarter of complaints.13
This would seem to make any argument that suggests NLEs are important because of variability across medi- cal schools a lame one. It is rare to find studies of complaints analysed by medical school of origin, and it seems unli- kely that there would be clusters of poor doctors emanating from particular schools. However, one study looking at doctors who were sued in three US states found that medical schools that passed more of these doctors in one decade, also passed a similar proportion in the next decade.14
또한 우리는 법적 소송의 여부는 지식보다는 'soft skill'에 달려있음을 잘 안다. 따라서, 심지어 OSCE style에서조차 거의 지식-기반의 평가인 NLE는 그 대안이 될 수 있을까?
We also know that liti- gation is much more related to ‘soft skills’ than knowledge,15 so where are largely knowledge-based, or even OSCE-style, NLEs going to provide that scope?
따라서 NLE의 지위를 보다 잘 이해하려면 NLE의 효과를 (인턴으로 이어지는) 현재의 의과대학-기반 평가 프로세스와 비교할 필요가 있다.
So, to be in a better position to ex- plore NLEs, we should be able to compare the impact of NLEs ver- sus the impact of the current school-based assessment process paired with ensuing internships.
이러한 비판이 NLE의 대안이 될 수도 있다. 예컨대, (지금은 살짝만 다루는 것으로 보이는(light touch)) 의과대학에서 사용하는 평가과정에 대한 '지속가능한' 인증, 혹은 강화된 인증이 더 효과적이면서 덜 비용이 들까? 단지 우리가 환자를 놓칠 것 같다는 두려움을 갖고 있다는 것, 그리고 우리가 지도를 가지고 있다는 것이 우리가 지금까지 해온 방식을 그대로 해도 된다는 것은 아닐 것이다.
Such a critique would also address the potential alternatives to NLEs.16 For example, would beefed up or ‘sustainable’17 accreditation of the assessment process utilised within medical schools (which currently seems to have become more ‘light touch’ in many jurisdictions) be both more effective and less expensive? Just because we are scared of failing our patients, and we have a map, doesn’t mean we have to charter a course along previously travelled routes, at least not quite yet.
National licensing exam or no national licensing exam? That is the question.
Author information
- 1Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
- PMID:
- 26695460
- [PubMed - in process]