역량바탕의학교육 : 학부교육과정에서 갖는 의의

Competency-based medical education: implications for undergraduate programs

PETER HARRIS1, LINDA SNELL2, MARTIN TALBOT3 & RONALD M. HARDEN4, FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CBME COLLABORATORS

1University of New South Wales, Australia, 2McGill University and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 3University of Sheffield, England, 4University of Dundee, Scotland


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Introduction


학부의학교육을 비롯하여 의학교육에서 역량틀(competency framework)의 정의, 적용, 가치(desirability)에 대해서는 이미 논의가 된 바 있다. 일반적으로 역량틀은 졸업후 전문과 수련과정에서 더 적용이 용이한데, 여기서는 해당 과에서의 준거에 의해 수행능력이 정의될 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 학부교육과정과 국가인증기준이 달라지면서 CBME에 대한 이슈는 다른 차원으로 옮겨갔다.

Issues surrounding the definition, application, and desirability of a competency framework in medical education, including its appropriateness for undergraduate medical education, have been debated in the literature (Grant 1999; Talbot 2004). Typically, competency frameworks have been more readily applied to postgraduate specialty training, where the graduate's performance can be closely defined by the criteria of the relevant specialty. However, changes to undergraduate curricula and evolving national accreditation standards (such as the Tomorrow's Doctor initiative in the United Kingdom and the National Undergraduate Framework in the Netherlands), together with enhanced definitions of competency-based medical education (CBME), as discussed in other articles in this issue, have moved the debate to a new stage.


학습성과에 대한 다양한 프레임워크들이 학부의학교육에 적용된 바 있다. 학부의학교육에서는 학습자들이 이후 전문직으로서 살아가는 동안 변화하는 의학 속에서 살아나갈 수 있도록 준비하는 과정이며, 따라서 현시성(currency)과 상관성(relevance)를 평가하기 위한 정기적 교육과정 검토가 필요하다. 역량바탕프레임워크는 루틴하게 반복되는 교육과정 개선 그 이상을 위한 것인데, 이 논문에서는 CBME에서 제기되는 다양한 이슈를 검토하고 이들 이슈에 대한 최선의 사례를 보여주고자 한다.

Various frameworks for learning outcomes that are in use or in preparation apply a competency-based approach to medical student education (e.g., Scottish Doctor, Netherlands National Undergraduate Framework, CanMEDS). An undergraduate medical program prepares the learner for professional life in a discipline that is based in change and thus requires regular curriculum review to ensure currency and relevance. Competency-based frameworks are designed to move beyond routine curricular renewal. This article sets out to review a number of issues raised by CBME in the context of undergraduate programs and to provide examples of best practices that might help to address some of these issues.


개념적으로도 명확하지 못하다는 것 외에도 역량프레임워크를 둘러싼 일관된 용어가 없는 것이 CBME의 발전을 크게 저해해왔다. 성과바탕 또는 역량바탕 학부교육과정에 대해서 논의하고자 할 때에 논쟁이 되는 지점은 역량이란 것은 전문직 수행능력에 통합적으로 내재해있는 것인데, 이것을 분리되어 서로 독립적인 역량으로 나누는 것이 과연 가능하냐는 것이다.

The lack of a consistent language surrounding competency frameworks, along with an underlying lack of conceptual clarity, has been a substantial obstacle to the advancement of CBME. One point of contention in the discussion of any outcome- or competency-based undergraduate curriculum model is the notion of separate and independent competencies, given that competencies or capabilities reside in integrated professional performance.


역량바탕프레임워크를 활용하여 전문직의 수행능력을 묘사하고, 이를 토대로 학부교육과정에서 이러한 수행능력을 달성할 수 있게 해주는 enabling competency를 정립함으로서 "역량있는 의사에게 요규되는 자질과 능력"에 초점을 둘 수 있다. CBME는 학생들로 하여금 평생학습능력을 증진시키고, 스스로 학습을 지속할 수 있도록 하는 의도도 있다. CBME모델은 자기성찰을 통한 발전적 활동에 초점을 둔다. 또한 CBME는 전문직의 삶에 기반한 진짜 경험을 활용해서 의학교육의 여러 단계에 걸쳐 부드러운 연결이 이어질 수 있도록 한다.

Using a competency-based framework to describe the activities and performance of the practising professional and working backward to build enabling competencies in the undergraduate curriculum may provide an authentic curriculum focused on the “qualities and attributes required in a competent physician” (Smith & Dollase 1999). CBME may also prepare students for lifelong learning by increasing their involvement in making decisions about and tracking their own learning. CBME models provide a focus on reflective and developmental activities, which Candy and colleagues (1994) place at centre of learning activities; this is in keeping with one of the purposes of higher education, which is to foster the development and transformation of students, providing tools to assist them in continuing to learn (Toohey 1999). CBME also appears to provide a seamless link between levels of medical education by using authentic experiences based in professional life.


실제상황에서의 목표에 기반하여 명확히 기술된 프레임워크는 학생들은 드물지만 필요한 역량을 쌓아나가기 위한 경로를 개발할 기회를 가질 수 있다. 많은 이전의 교육과정이 경험을 층층이 쌓는 방식에 의존했으나, 그렇다고 해서 항상 이전 경험 위에 다음 경험이 쌓이는 것은 아니고, 종합적 역량프레임워크로 이어지지 않는다. 또한 CBME가 전문직으로서 진짜로 하게 되는 진료에 초점을 두는 것은 학생이 졸업 직후에 대비하도록 해준다. 이는 인턴수련과정에 대한 것만은 아니며, Hamilton이 언급한 바와 같이 "전문직으로서 성숙한 역할, 돌봄의 질, 그리고 보건서비스에 대한 기여"를 위한 준비를 말하는 것이다.

A clearly articulated framework of practical, real-world objectives provides a rare opportunity for students to develop a clear pathway toward relevant competencies. Many previous curricula have relied on a layering of experiences that do not always build on one another and are not linked through a comprehensive framework. Further, the focus of CBME on authentic professional practice should prepare students for their early postgraduate years. This does not mean only intern training, but rather, as Hamilton has stated (1999), preparation for “the mature role of the professional, the quality of care provided and the contribution to health services.”


이러한 장점에도 불구하고 CBME모델은 여러가지 이슈를 제기한다.

Despite these advantages, CBME models raise a number of issues in the areas of design, assessment, and systemic factors, all of which will have an impact on undergraduate teachers and learners. These concerns are discussed in the following sections.




설계 Design issues


Outcome을 정의한 후 enabling skills을 키우기 위한 교육과정 요소들을 구성함. 하나의 enabling skill은 여러 개의 outcome에 해당될 수 있음.

CBME curricula are designed to include a series of activities, each of which should contribute to the achievement of explicit, agreed outcomes. Once these outcomes are clearly delineated, curricular components designed to foster the acquisition of “enabling skills” and of knowledge can be structured in a logical sequence. Enabling skills may relate to a number of competency outcomes; for example, in the CanMEDS model, communication skills in a group setting could relate to the competencies required by the Communicator, Manager, or Collaborator roles (ten Cate 2006). The relationships between roles should be reflected across the curriculum blueprint and should always lead to one or more competency outcomes – without being atomized to mere checklists of behaviours. The test for relevant learning activities, then, is “What does this activity contribute to the student's outcomes?” An example of some additional reward for learning activities is discussed in the section below on systemic issues.


기대성과를 어떻게 시각화하고 어떻게 이에 대한 소통을 가능하게 할 것인가? 여기서 핵심은 통합이다. "역량모델은 환자돌봄에 초점을 두고 추가적인 단계를 거쳐서 의사가 어떤 성과를 갖추어야 하는가를 결정한다. 최종 산출물 또는 교육이 목적하는 상태에 초점을 둬야 한다."  우리는 교육을 하는 교수들이 '의학전문가' 영역을 벗어나는 부분에 대한 교육역량에 대해 솔직(explicit)할 수 있도록 격려해야 한다.

How do we visualize and communicate expected outcomes? Here, integration is the key. “A competency model starts with a focus on patient care and takes the additional step of determining which outcomes doctors need to have. It should focus on the end product or goal state of instruction” (Albanese et al. 2008). At its best, the competency approach can assist curriculum designers to identify characteristics of practitioners, including enabling skills and knowledge, “so that all dimensions of a performance should be … consciously developed” (Toohey 1999). Here we must encourage teaching faculty to be explicit about teaching competencies that lie beyond the Medical Expert domain (e.g., teamwork, the CanMEDS Health Advocate competencies).


서로 다른 발달단계 또는 서로 다른 기대성과 수준에 따라 동일한 개념도 서로 다르게 'packaged'될 수 있다. 예를 들어 '건강증진활동'이라는 개념을 의과대학생 초기와 졸업후교육에서 서로 다르게 설계하는 것이 가능하다.

Concepts can be “packaged” differently at different stages of development or for different levels of expected outcomes. This allows us to articulate and review levels of expected outcomes for different stages of the undergraduate program. For example, the concepts and practice of health promotion will be designed differently for learners early in their undergraduate career (who might, for example, be required to describe principles) than for graduates in hospital practice (who might be asked to implement individual strategies). On a broader scale, the National Undergraduate Framework in the Netherlands articulates the CanMEDS model, originally designed for residency and beyond, in an undergraduate form (Herwaarden et al. 2009). Similarly, the Bridging Project in Australasia has described, within its “doctor as educator” theme, a vertically staged set of competencies for students, graduates and practitioners (Page et al. 2008).


성과프레임워크는 목표를 구체화하지만 어떻게 거기에 도달해야 하는가를 구체화하지는 않는다. CBME는 어떤 특정한 교육방법이나 교육철학을 강요하지 않으며 다양한 방법이 가능하다. 그러나 일부 철학적 접근법이 내재되어 있기는 하다. 학생중심, 자발적 참여, 디자인의 유연성, 평가를 수반하는 학습활동의 건설적 정렬, 나선형 발달 등이 그것이다.

Outcome frameworks specify the destination but not the mode of delivery. CBME does not mandate any particular teaching strategy or philosophy, and many methods (e.g., problem-based learning, case-based teaching) may continue within the CBME approach. However, some philosophical approaches are implicit in the demands of attaining competencies: student-centredness, active engagement, flexibility of design, constructive alignment of learning activities with assessments, and spiral development of concepts, knowledge, and skills (Biggs 1999) would all be needed for the effective implementation of CBME.




평가 Assessment issues


졸업생의 실제 임상업무수행과 관련되어야 진짜(authentic) 임상 평가라고 할 수 있다. 평가시스템은 학생으로하여금 프로그램의 최종 목적에서 의도하는 학습과제와 성과에 집중할 수 있게 해야한다. 이러한 방법을 활용해야만 "시험에서 성공한 것이 성공이다"라고 여기는 학생들의 참여를 이끌어낼 수 있다.

Assessment becomes clinically authentic once it relates to the graduate's actual performance of required clinical tasks. Competency frameworks allow for the development of an assessment matrix that relates each assessment task back to the relevant competencies. The assessment system must be configured to encourage students to focus on the learning tasks and outcomes intended as the product of the program. In this way it engages students, who tend to “define success as success in assessment” (Dreissen et al. 2007).


CBME는 심지어 신뢰도를 조금 손해보더라도 평가의 타당도에 초점을 둔다. MiniCEX나 다면평가 등과 같이 실시간업무수행을 다수의 평가자가 관찰하는 분석은 학생의사의 실제 수행능력에 좀 더 가까이 가도록 해주며 업무의 타당도를 높여준다. 이러한 실시간 평가의 특징은 정확히 반복생산될 수 없다는 것인데 이는 환자, 상황 등이 다 바뀌기 때문이다.

CBME drives a focus on validity in assessment, even at the potential expense of some reliability. The analysis of authentic real-time tasks by multiple observers, such as through MiniCEX or multisource feedback, moves us closer to the actual performance of a (student) clinician, thus enhancing the validity of the task. The nature of such real-time assessments is such that the assessment cannot be reproduced accurately: the circumstance, or patient, will have changed, potentially interfering with the measurement of reliability.


CBME에서 '마스터'라고 불리는 단계로 옮겨갈수록 학생과 교사 모두 학생이 놓친 부분이 무엇인지를 찾아내야 한다. 즉, 형성평가를 빈번하게 하고 총괄평가는 줄이는 것이다. 형성평가과제는 개개 학생들의 약점을 타겟으로 해야 하며, 향후 이뤄질 총괄평가에서 더 효과적인 수행을 할 수 있게 도와줘야 한다. 잘 설계된 형성평가는 총괄평가의 부담을 줄여줄 수 있으며, 교육과정 설계자들에게 문제 영역에 대한 값진 정보를 준다.

In moving through the progressive levels of mastery envisaged in CBME, both students and teachers need to identify areas where students are missing essential elements. One clear implication of this is the need to focus on frequent formative or “diagnostic” assessment tasks in preparation for the (fewer) summative tasks. Formative tasks should include interventions targeted to individual students or areas of weakness and should encourage more effective performance at subsequent summative assessments. Carefully designed formative assessments can reduce the summative load (Nieweg 2004) in addition to providing valuable data for course designers about problematic areas.


좋은 평가의 두 가지 원칙 - 평가와 학습을 매치시키기, 의사가 알아야 하는 것이 무엇인가에 대한 최종산출물에 초점맞추기 - 를 적용하려면 전통적인 평가방법과 다른 여러 방법을 활용해야 할 수도 있다. 업무수행에 대한 다양한 평가방식을 통해서 프레임워크의 다양한 역량이 골고루 달성되었는가를 평가할 수 있다. 평가는 다양한 맥락과 역량영역에 걸쳐 일반화될 수 있는 행동과 지식을 탐색하고 그 지도를 그릴 수 있도록 만들어져야 한다. 

The application of two of the principles of good assessment – matching learning to assessment, and focusing on the end product of what a physician needs to know (Albanese et al. 2008) – often results in the adoption of a range of non-traditional assessments (Friedman Ben-David 1999). A variety of assessment tasks are required to yield the types of data that will allow a determination of whether the competencies across the framework have been satisfactorily achieved. Assessment should search for and map behaviours and knowledge that are generalizable across contexts and competencies. This notion is addressed in this issue in more detail by Holmboe and colleagues (pp. 676–682).




학생학습 Student learning issues


학생은 학습과정의 중심이며, 이 중심은 결코 '학문'이 아니다. 학습을 유도하는 것은 '성취'이며 '시간'이 아니다. 학생들은 명시된 목표를 향해서 그들의 성취과정을 모니터할 수 있어야 하며, 부족한 부분을 다룰 수 있는 활동에 집중할 수 잇는 선택권이 있어야 한다. 이는 학습활동에 대한 학생의 책임을 강화시키는 것과 같다. 많은 학생들은 프로그램을 거치는 과정에서 만족감을 느낄 것이며, 교육과정의 유연성을 활용하여 관심분야를 더 깊게 공부할 수도 있고, 특정 부분을 힘들어하는 경우에는 그 영역에 대해 스스로 공부할 수도 있으며, 어드바이저로 하여금 그 부분을 향상시킬 수 있도록 학습과 평가활동을 도와달라고 요청할 수도 있다. 이러한 형태의 자기주도적 학습은 약점을 보완하는 수단으로서 유용할 뿐만 아니라 학생들이 자기성찰과 평생학습능력을 갖출 수 있게 해준다. 학습이 필요한 부분을 찾아내고, 그것을 충족시키기 위한 활동을 하기 위한 협상과정은 학생들이 일생동안 해야 할 일이다.

The student, not the discipline, is central to the learning process in a competency-based program. Achievement, not time, is the driver. Students are required to monitor their progress toward stated goals and elect to focus on those activities that will assist them to manage any deficiencies. This increases the student's responsibility for choosing learning activities. Many students will progress satisfactorily through the program and will be able to take advantage of its inherent flexibility, which allows them to study areas of interest in greater depth; by the same token, those who are struggling in a particular area will be directed by themselves, or their advisors, to undertake learning and assessment activities that will help them to improve and ultimately attain competence in those areas. This form of self-directed learning not only addresses weaknesses, but helps the student to develop the capacity for self-reflection and lifelong learning. The ability to identify and negotiate activities to meet a learning need is one that students will ultimately require throughout their professional careers.


elective와 selective를 제공함으로써 학생들은 단순히 관심분야나 특정 영역을 적당히 잘 하는 것 이상을 해낼 수 있다. Selective는 여러 가능한 주어진 옵션 중 하나를 고르는 것으로, 역량바탕프레임워크와 정확히 잘 맞는 것이며, 역량성과의 추가적인 수준을 스스로 정함으로서 개인의 흥미, 역량, 고급성취를 찾아낼 수 있다. 

The provision of electives and selectives creates opportunities for students to progress beyond mere adequacy in areas of interest or special skill. Selectives, which are chosen by the student from a menu of options, are highly compatible with the notion of a competency-based framework and may define additional levels of competency outcomes for students in certain areas, thus recognizing individual interest, capacity, and advanced achievement. The development of student-selected curricular components in the United Kingdom fits this model (Murdoch-Eaton 2004).



교사 Teacher issues

의학에서의 전문직교육의 한 가지 강점은 '직장'에서 학습한다는 것이다. 학부생과 졸업생을 가르치는 사람이 동일하다. 졸업후교육이 점차 역량중심으로 옮겨가면서, 교수들도 CBME에서 사용하는 학습과 평가와 관련한 언어/행동에 더 친숙해질 것이다. 역량은 자기자신의 전문직으로서의 삶을 광범위하게 기술할 수 있는 임상의사들이 좀 더 잘 이해할 수 있으며, 임상 선생님들은 프레임워크가 실제 직업현장에서 어떤 특징을 갖는지에 대해서 더 잘 피드백해줄 수 있고, 어느 단계의 성취수준을 보이는지 잘 구분해줄 수 있다. 반면, 기초선생님들은 임상 성과와 관련애서는 자신의 학문분야를 정확히 평가하는 것에 좀 더 어려움을 겪을 수 있다.

One of the strengths of professional education in medicine is learning in the workplace, where undergraduate and postgraduate teachers are the same people. As postgraduate training moves toward a more competency-based framework (as with the CanMEDs model and in the US Boards, for example), teachers will become familiar with the language and behaviours associated with learning and assessment in CBME. Competencies may be better understood by clinical teachers as accurate descriptions of their broader professional life. Clinical teachers, in particular, are well placed to provide feedback about the authentic nature of any framework and about the appropriate staging of achievement levels. On the other hand, basic science teachers may have more difficulty relating their discipline to eventual (likely clinical) outcomes.


역량바탕접근법을 도입하는 것은 준거지향평가의 원칙과 실제에 대한 교수개발이 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. 준거지향평가는 CBME에만 해당되는 것은 아니며 역량프레임워크의 개념에 포함되어있는 것이라 볼 수 있다. 기준지향평가에서 벗어나는 것은 새로운 평가도구를 필요로 한다. 평가도구를 점차적으로 바꾸는 것이 도움이 될 수는 있겠으나 결과적으로는 명시된 준거에 따라서 평가해야 할 것이다. 준거지향평가는 졸업후수련(직업수련) 영역에서 더 오랜 역사를 가지고 있다. 준거지향평가를 위해서는 평가에 앞서서 '만족할 만한 수행'의 요소를 구체화해야한다. 기준지향평가로부터 준거지향평가로 옮겨가는 것은 부드럽지 않을 수 있다. 낙제를 받는 학생이 초반에는 증가할 수도 있다. 이런 현상은 교과목에서 어떤 것을 요구해야 하는가를 이전에 명확하게 정해놓지 않았기 때문이며, 이는 나중에 '준거'로 제시된 것에 대해서 충분히 넓고 깊게 공부하지 못하는 결과를 가져오게 된다. 평가자를 잘 훈련시키는 것이 신뢰도 높은 관찰평가의 필수적 요소이다. 새로운 평가도구를 도입하거나 기존의 것을 바꾸는 것은 평가자 재개발이 반드시 필요하다.

The adoption of a competency-based approach implies the need for faculty development in the principles and practice of criterion-based assessment. Criterion-based assessment is not unique to CBME, but it is integral to the notion of a competency framework. Moving away from norm referencing will require new rating tools along with training in their effective use. A gradual introduction of changes to assessment tools can be helpful in this transition, but eventually examiners will be required to rely on the expressed criteria on the rating form to arrive at a judgment. Criterion-based marking has, perhaps, a longer history at the postgraduate (vocational) stage of training. Criterion referencing specifies the elements of a satisfactory performance in advance of the assessment. The transition from norm referencing to criterion referencing will not necessarily be smooth: initial increases in failure rates have been observed during the transition. These may relate to examiner calibration or to poor previous definition of course requirements, resulting in students missing out on either the breadth or the depth of topics that have (later) been deemed criterion standards (Carlson et al. 2000). Adequate examiner training remains the sine qua non of reliable observational assessment. The introduction of a new assessment tool or the alteration of an existing one should always flag the need for examiner redevelopment.


역량바탕프로그램에서의 교사는 '내용'을 전달하는 것 외에도 여러 원칙들을 역량프레임워크에 맞춰서 변환하고 궁극적으로는 구체적인 학습과제로 만드는 것에 어려움을 겪을 수 있다. 역량에 초점을 두는 것은 여러 학제간에 걸친 설계가 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 기존의 교실중심의 보고/재정지원(reporting and funding) 체계를 재구조화 해야 할 수도 있다. 이런 면에서 CBME는 다른 통합교육과정과 다르지 않은데, 그러나 고도의 교수설계를 위해서는 교수들로이 새로운 기술을 갖추어야 한다. 이러한 새로운 기술들은 위해서는 교수개발이 필요하다.

Teachers working within a competency-based program are faced with the increased complexity not only of delivering the “content” of their discipline but also of translating the principles of the competency framework into concrete learning tasks. A focus on competency outcomes implies a cross-disciplinary design that may cut across traditional institutional and departmental lines of reporting and funding. In this regard, CBME does not differ from other integrated curricula; however, its higher-order instructional design does demand new skills from teachers involved in course and program design groups. These new skills have implications for faculty development, including the need for training in design models and methods that have been reported to enhance the quality of course design (Hoogveld et al. 2005).






시스템 Systems issues

CBME를 둘러싼 논의 중 일부는 변화관리에 대한 것이다. 학부교육과정에 있어서 이러한 변화관리는 조직구조, 대학의 학사력, 국가 수준의 전문직 인증기관, 전문직단체 등에 대한 것을 포괄한다. 동시에 의과대학의 내부 변화도 관리의 대상이다. 교실 중심의 구조는 교실의 관점을 대변하고 이것이 의사가 반드시 알아야 하는 것은 아닐 수 있다. 졸업후교육에 대하여 졸업후 수련의들과 의사들의 인식을 다룬 최근의 연구를 보면 "무엇을 알아야 하는가"에 대한 인식이 대학의 교실에 속한 교수들과 크게 다름이 드러난다. 

Part of the discussion about CBME revolves around change management. For undergraduate programs, this management includes the institutional structures and timelines of universities as well as national professional accrediting bodies and professional associations. At the same time, internal change within medical schools must be managed. Departmental structures often reflect disciplinary perspectives that do not necessarily relate well to the notion of what a doctor needs to know. Recent work with postgraduate trainees and practitioners indicates a clear perception of the “need to know” materials that is sometimes at odds with that of university-based teachers within a discipline (Koens et al. 2005). The management of this change is further explored in this issue by Taber and colleagues (pp. 687–691).


성과준거와 기준을 정의하는 것은 '시간'으로부터 '수행능력'과 '역량'으로 관점을 바꿔준다. 높은 성취를 달성하는 학생들은 좀 더 가속(accelerated)할 수 있게 해줘야 한다. 한 가지 사례는 UNSW의 병리학 과목의 elective와 selective이다. http://www.med.unsw.edu.au/medweb.nsf/page/Undergraduate+Students

Defining outcome criteria and standards shifts the emphasis away from time to performance and capability. High-achieving students can be rewarded with accelerated programs. One example of this approach is the use of electives and selectives in pathology by capable students at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia, to count toward advanced standing in their later College (Specialty) training in that discipline (see http://www.med.unsw.edu.au/medweb.nsf/page/Undergraduate+Students).


성과준거를 사용하면 주어진 시간 내에 목표를 달성하지 못한 학생들이 더 오랜시간 공부하고 수련받아야 할 수 있다. 또 다시 UNSW의 예를 보면, 소수의 학생들은 임상시기에 들어가기에 앞서서 추가적인 과정을 이수한다. 

The use of outcome criteria may necessitate a longer period of study and training for students who do not reach the standard in the allotted time; some may require additional courses. Again at UNSW, a small number of students are required to undertake an additional course before joining the early clinical phase of the undergraduate program. This phase is designed with rotating terms so that a student can commence during any term. They may be able to catch up with their cohort, or may continue behind until they achieve a satisfactory result. Similar issues related to the timing of progression into internship or residency training can arise for trainees who are accelerated or delayed.




결론 Conclusions


Considering CBME at the undergraduate level highlights a number of challenges for students, teachers, course designers, and managers. Many of these challenges are common to any major curriculum change, but some, such as the issue of time versus achievement, are specific to CBME. An overarching outcomes framework allows a consistent approach to these changes and challenges, along with authenticity of experience and better alignment of educational activities and objectives through the continuum of medical education.


CBME does not specify particular learning strategies, formats, or approaches. As long as the competency statements are articulated at an “appropriate level of generality” (Harden et al. 1999), they can not only be adapted to the different phases of the undergraduate program but will be able to accommodate the integration of emerging topics and content. A regular review of societal and professional needs will allow curricula to mature, absorbing the competencies that may be required of future practitioners.


Many examples of CBME have derived from either major curriculum redesign or the establishment of new curricula. However, good practices such as those mentioned in this article can, or could, support CBME in the undergraduate environment. As curriculum evaluation and review cycles offer opportunities for change, and as new challenges arise, such examples can be employed and enhanced. We will then be able to use best practices in education that currently exist to move toward CBME in undergraduate curricula.








 2010;32(8):646-50. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2010.500703.

Competency-based medical education: implications for undergraduate programs.

Abstract

Changes in educational thinking and in medical program accreditation provide an opportunity to reconsider approaches to undergraduate medical education. Current developments in competency-based medical education (CBME), in particular, present both possibilities and challenges for undergraduate programs. CBME does not specify particular learning strategies or formats, but rather provides a clear description of intended outcomes. This approach has the potential to yield authentic curricula for medical practice and to provide a seamless linkage between all stages of lifelong learning. At the same time, the implementation of CBME in undergraduate education poses challenges for curriculum design, student assessment practices, teacher preparation, and systemic institutional change, all of which have implications for student learning. Some of the challenges of CBME are similar to those that can arise in the implementation of any integrated program, while others are specific to the adoption of outcome frameworks as an organizing principle for curriculum design. This article reviews a number of issues raised by CBME in the context of undergraduate programs and provides examples of best practices that might help to address these issues.

PMID:

 

20662575

 

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


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